Private School Vs Public School Essays

Lean Thinking and Accounting Issues Essay

Womack and Jones (1990 1-6) broadly utilized the term â€Å"lean† on Toyota Motors Corporation alluded to Toyota Production System (TPS) in the book The Machine That Changed the World. In the year 1990, the two creators visited different organizations in North America, Europe and Japan pushing for organizations to change over their large scale manufacturing practices to lean practices, through introduction of thoughts on the most proficient method to do likewise. A development of the executives scholars at that point rose which unmistakably advocates for associations to recognize and if conceivable totally cut the enormous squanders found in large scale manufacturing. Lean development supporters opine that conjectures are never right, and hence they advocate chiefs to work to diminish request to-conveyance time. They additionally state that there are not any more incredible assets accessible to organizations for taking out waste and making an incentive than lean thoughts, as indicated by Marchwinski and Shook (2003 21-23). Lean Manufacturing; Toyota Motors Corporation Case Toyota Motors Corporation is the most remarkable effective organization in execution of lean reasoning. Indeed, the engine vehicle creator is regularly utilized a reference in considering the activities and triumphs of the Lean Thinking the executives idea. The organization presented the idea of lean assembling in its now celebrated creation framework, the TPS (Toyota Production System) during the 1980s. The presentation of the idea of lean assembling was a move contrary to what would be expected of the day as the pattern of the day by organizations was large scale manufacturing, as Womack and Jones (1996 82-83) referenced in their book. Toyota Motors Corp turned out to be exceptionally effective in the wake of execution of this purge in its procedures as to turn into the biggest vehicle producer on the planet. One significant segment where lean reasoning was applied by TPS is in preparing strategy. A group and-line framework was changed over into to a ceaseless stream, which had the impact of multiplying work profitability, slice 90% through yield time, diminished wounds and cut blunders by 50%. The presenting a lean assembling technique was realized by the need to dispose of the colossal waste that the company’s CEO Ohno (1988 17-31) had seen in the creation procedures of the organization, which he called attention to as to be in the procedures of Inventory, pausing, transportation, overproduction, over-handling, movement and over-preparing. Lean Principles; In lean reasoning, the initial step to comprehend what lean reasoning is and the assets along with the exercises that are important in formation of that esteem. Everything else becomes squander once esteem is distinguished. The activity of figuring out what worth is and what exercises include worth ought to be done at a significant level, since no one would need to think about what the individual in question does as waste. On the off chance that any forward leaps are to be made in lean reasoning the capacity to see waste ought to be solid. Something is squander in the event that it doesn't include esteem straightforwardly. A Toyota Executive, Taiichi Ohno, recognized and portrayed the accompanying seven as the sorts of squanders that are found in any procedure: Inventory, pausing, transportation, overproduction, over-handling, movement and over-preparing. A few creators have included merchandise and enterprises that don't address customer’s issues and underutilization of individuals. There are five lean standards; Worth: This rule manages the worth that an association offers to its customers. It is the finished bundle of administrations and items that a business endeavor utilizes to serve its clients and enter the market from the point of perspective on the customers. Just a definitive client can characterize esteem (Womack and Jones 1996 218). In accordance with bookkeeping rehearses, for example target costing approach, the value the customer is happy to pay is an impression of the worth he gets from the item/administration. Thus, the worth means the administration and item costs the venture must accomplish for the customers just as the partners to be fulfilled. Worth stream: It figures that the procedures of a venture container client driven execution just as greatness. The structures of regular departmental controls negate lean intuition as it was it set by Poppendieck (2002 1-2). A business endeavor must fathom, control and deal with its activities through the worth steams or procedures of the venture. In assembling organizations, there are three top-level worth streams; the plan and issue understand esteem stream, the worth stream of the item, and the worth stream that includes the enterprise’s controls and exchanges. These worth streams as a general rule reach out to cover elements outside the venture, for example, providers, accomplice firms and the clients. By and large terms, all the activities that are required to carry an item to the client are what are alluded to as the stream esteems. Stream: The thoughts associated with â€Å"flow† have their beginnings in the Toyota Production System. The lean development is of the position that anything that meddles with the progression of administrations just as merchandise out to the client through the worth stream ought to be assigned as waste. The worth stream must be concentrated by an endeavor so as to accomplish smooth, continuous stream from creation materials to conveyed administrations and items. Along these lines, a venture mercilessly, takes out waste from its procedures.

Hypnotherapy for Panic Disorder

Hypnotherapy for Panic Disorder Panic Disorder Treatment Print How Hypnosis Can Help Ease Panic Disorder Symptoms By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 19, 2020 B. BOISSONNET / BSIP / Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Coping Related Conditions Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a term used to describe a wide variety of unconventional products and practices. These techniques have expanded and are now being used to treat a variety of both medical and mental health conditions. CAM techniques are considered “complementary,” to the more mainstream treatment options, such as medication or psychotherapy. There are several types of CAM, such as aromatherapy and acupuncture. Some CAM practices involve the area of mind and body medicine, including progressive muscle relaxation, guided imagery, yoga, and mindfulness meditation. Hypnotherapy is another form of this that has grown in popularity for the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders. The following describes more about this approach to treating panic disorder. What Is Hypnotherapy? Hypnotherapy is a technique used to assist a person in an altered state of consciousness, known as a trance. While in a hypnotic state, a person is deeply relaxed, keenly focused, and highly open to suggestibility. Also referred to as hypnosis, hypnotherapy is used to help manage a variety of health issues, including stress, skin conditions, weight loss, addiction, grief, ?sleep disorders, and smoking cessation.? During a typical hypnotherapy session, the hypnotist guides the client into a relaxed state. Once the client is feeling calm, yet alert, the hypnotist brings their attention to behaviors they would like to change. The hypnotist then offers words of encouragement, such as “You no longer feel stressed” or suggestions, like “Any time you feel stressed, you will pause, breathe, and feel energized.” After offering affirmations and suggestions of positive behavior, the hypnotist will guide the client gradually back to their regular state. Before ending the session, the hypnotist and the client will discuss the experience, including reactions, progress, and insights. The sessions may vary in duration  but often lasts for about one to one and a half hours. How Can Hypnotherapy Help With Panic and Anxiety Symptoms? Research has shown that hypnotherapy can help relieve stress, fear, and anxiety. It can also be used to help in coping with the symptoms of panic disorder. While under hypnosis, a person with panic disorder may be guided to bring attention to coping with specific symptoms and overcoming limiting behaviors. For example, once the hypnotist has helped the client become relaxed, he may ask the person to focus on their panic attacks. The person will bring awareness to the physical sensations, emotions, and cognitions associated with their attacks, such as chest pain, shaking, and fear. The hypnotist will use calming words of encouragement, like “You feel safe despite your discomfort” or “You are in control of your anxiety.” The hypnotist may also suggest ways to cope with these feelings, such as “Taking deep breaths during your panic attacks makes you feel calmer.” Hypnotherapy can also be used in the treatment of agoraphobia, a common condition for people with panic disorder. Agoraphobia involves a fear of having panic attacks under restrictive circumstances, including crowds or while driving. Hypnotherapy can allow a person to learn how to remain relaxed while facing these fears. The hypnotist can help the person focus on getting past their phobias and suggest ways to remain relaxed when in feared environments. Hypnotherapy can help a person with panic disorder improve self-esteem, overcome negative thinking, and manage troublesome symptoms. Additionally, hypnotherapy can assist in treating common co-occurring conditions, including depression, headaches and migraines, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Getting Treated With Hypnotherapy Hypnotherapy can be performed by a certified hypnotist or qualified mental health professional who has trained in this approach. Qualified hypnotists can be located through online resources, such as the National Board for Certified Clinical Hypnotherapists (NBCCH), the American Society of Clinical Hypnosis (ASCH), and the American Association of Professional Hypnotherapists (AAPH). The overall hypnotherapy experience can vary from person to person. Many people have reservations about hypnotherapy, fearing that they will lose control of their thoughts and actions. These concerns are understandable considering how often hypnotherapy has been shown in the media as a way to make people behave in wild and silly ways. Despite these negative connotations, hypnotherapy cannot make you act against your will. Rather, hypnotherapy helps build self-awareness and overcome unwanted behaviors. In fact, often treatment will involve helping the patient learn self-hypnosis, which allows the patient to use these techniques on his or her own in an ongoing way. When considering treatment for panic disorder, it is important to discuss your options with a physician or mental health provider. Talk to your doctor if you are experiencing the symptoms of panic disorder, including frequent worry, panic attacks, and nervousness. Only a qualified mental health specialist can provide you with an accurate diagnosis. Hypnotherapy may not be suitable for everyone. Peoples ability to use hypnosis may vary. Individuals with certain mental health conditions such as some instances of dissociative disorders, active substance abuse,  and psychotic disorders may not do well with hypnosis. Your doctor can advise you about including hypnotherapy in your treatment plan for panic disorder. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

The Child Of The Wild Child - 1256 Words

Susan Wiley, or most commonly known as Genie the Wild Child was born on the 18th of April 1957. She was the fourth child of Clark and Irene Wiley and was one of two children that survived childhood. Her parents were married in 1944 Clark was 20 years his wife’s senior and their marriage was riddled with domestic violence. Their first two children were both suspiciously killed before their first birthday. It was reported that Clark Wiley extremely disliked children and was very mentally unstable. The third of the Wiley children John lived with Clarks mother Pearl, when she was killed in a hit and run accident Clark held his son responsible which only added to his fragile mental health. The final child of the couple was Genie. At a doctor’s appointment in late 1958 when Genie was 20 months old the doctor diagnosed her with mild retardation. However, this claim has been debated. Nevertheless, Genie’s sadistic father kept her in extreme isolation locked away in an upstairs bedroom. The window was covered in aluminium foil and Genie was tightly restrained to a potty chair in near darkness every day. At night she slept in a tattered sleeping bag tied down in a cot that was enclosed with chicken wire. Although she would often be left on the potty chair overnight. She was malnourished and Clark forbid his son and wife to speak to Genie. If she was to make any sound she was beaten with a wooden plank, and was allegedly sexually abused also. Though no one will ever know exactly whatShow MoreRelated Wild Child Essay881 Words   |  4 PagesItard, The Wild Child is a movie made in 1970, with a setting in France from the18th century, and based on a child who had lived in nature his whole life without any human contact. Itard, a well known French doctor for working with deaf-mutes, had taken in this feral child under his care for the purposes of his studies on the child’s intellectual and social education. Given the time period of the movie Itard had taken the â€Å"wild-child† in under his own care, and helped teach the child to be more civilizedRead MoreGeniie The Wild Child Summary930 Words   |  4 PagesGenie, the Wild Child Question 1: The three children from the video endure radical abuse, negligence, and lack of social contact with their families and were isolated for long periods of time. As a consequence the neural connections in their brain were very limited, causing the brain hemispheres to shrink; as indicated by Doctor Bruce Perry in the video. In the process the centers of language were damaged and the children missed the time period where children develop their vocabulary. After theyRead MoreThe Secret of the Wild Child Essay687 Words   |  3 PagesTaylor Tai Sociology 101 Tabetha Mowrey 22/Feb/2012 Film analyses: â€Å"Genie: The secret of the Wild Children† Genie is a wild child who found in LA on 1970, she is a very extreme case of neglected the caretaking from adult. Her father believed she is retarder She spent her first thirteen years on tiding at the potty chair and still wearing diaper, she had never see, listen, being taught of anything in her life. For the past many years she had been isolation and lack of adult care makeRead MoreGenie the Wild Child Essay941 Words   |  4 PagesGenie, the second case of wild child was found in a room tied to a potty chair. Genie was kept in a room locked away because her father thought she was retarded at birth until the age of 13, when she was rescued by a social worker. She was locked away from normal civilization and any type of socialization, and she was beaten for making noises. Genie was an infant trapped in a 13 year old body, because she could only make infant like sounds and no words or sentences. Genies brain waves were adnormalRead MoreThe Wild Child, By Dr. Gene Itard1599 Words   |  7 Pagesspeak or behave? A 1970 French film, The Wild Child, delves into this extremity and depicts a savage boy’s trials and tribulations of becoming a cognitively functioning social being through the patient efforts of a physician, named Dr. Gene Itard. The boy lived his first eleven or twelve years in the vast wilderness of a forest with little to no human interaction and after a nearby villager spots the boy in the forest, local law enforcement apprehend the child and bring him into custody. He is sequentiallyRead MoreTlcs Wild Child; the Story of Feral Children Essay657 Words   |  3 PagesThe TLC documentary Wild Child; the Story of Feral Children is a documentary that tells the few of many stories of children that have turned to a feral lifestyle due to parental negligence. Feral, meaning undomesticated, is the used term to describe these children because of the actions they exhibit. The accounts in this documentary range from a young girl who â€Å"wa s raised with the wolves† per say, but instead with her dog, to a little boy who was abandoned in a Ukrainian loft and provided the townRead MoreHow Background and Upbringing Effect a Child, Especially in Wild by Strayed and The Other West Moore by Moore1545 Words   |  7 PagesIn the first few pages of Wild, it describes the present being of strayed but is quickly followed by flashbacks to her past. These flashbacks are a reminder of how the story has reached the point where it opened, on the Pacific Coast Trail (PCT). This book is more than a memoir recounting just her hike up the western coast; it is a story of her life’s journey. It explains how who she presently is directly determined by who she used to be. Each step on the trail is another step forward in her growthRead MoreMeridian1100 Words   |  5 Pageslimitation and free of civilization, all the while, the thought of being free of civilization, without limitation is overwhelmingly wild. In the novel Meri dian, by Alice Walker, the short presence of a character addressed as The Wild Child symbolizes the theme of self awareness and pursuing one’s life independently. Alice walker uses the short presence of The Wild Child as an influential factor when developing her main character Meridian. The use of characters from Meridian’s ancestry, such as FeatherRead MoreFeral Children Harlows Monkeys: Psychological Experiments829 Words   |  3 Pagesferal child to be successfully restored to society as well as scientifically studied by Parisian doctor Jean Marc Itard. Followed by children of many ages hailing from the abandoned flats of the Ukraine to the urbanized and bustling streets of Los Angeles, CA, feral children were defined by their lack of human care, usually because of abusive or irresponsible parents. Such isolation from their own society often resulted in resorting to animals, especially dogs, for love and warmth, and to wild, abnormalRead MoreWhere The Wild Thi ngs Are By Maurice Sendak1248 Words   |  5 PagesI am analyzing the illustrations of the children’s book ‘Where The Wild Things Are’, Written and Illustrated by Maurice Sendak, first published in 1963 in the USA by Harper and Rowe. Sendak uses layout in an interesting way throughout the book, which feels cinematic in approach. The first six illustrations gradually increase in size, until the illustration fills a single page. It creates a feeling of the viewer zooming in on the scene. It also carries the idea in the text of a forest, that ‘grew

Reflection Paper - 1607 Words

REFLECTION PAPER BY ECONOMICS FEBRUARY 19, 2010 During this previous week, our learning team began discussing the topic of market structures. According to our readings, there are four different types of market structures such as pure competition, a pure monopoly, a monopolistic competition, and an oligopoly. Each one of these market structures are diverse in definition, characteristics, and in application, which will be further explained later in detail. We had learned that each one of these four market structures can be applied to businesses, organizations, and many other companies and can also have an impact on their pricing strategies, organizational goals, creating†¦show more content†¦An economy of scale is a method pertaining to barrier to entry. This is a method of lowering a firm’s total cost by increasing its size. In a monopoly market structure, economy of scale would serve as an entry barrier for new firms. The costs of competing with such a large firm would overwhelm a new company. Another method of barrier to entry takes the form of legal patents and licenses. These are government barriers to entry. A patent is defined as an exclusive right of an inventor to use, or to allow another to use, his or her invention (McConnell, Brue, Flynn, 2009). This creates a barrier for new firms to duplicate products and services. Although this does not limit small firms from entrance, larger and more established firms have advantages in abilities to fund research and development branches to invent new services’ and products. In addition to patents, governments issue licenses that limit the amount of entries into a particular industry. Other methods may include ownership or control of essential resources. When firms have control over resources; it makes entry into markets difficult. For instance, if one company owns a large amount of timberland; it would be very challenging for another company to move into the market and begin chopping their own trees and selling timber. There are other methods such as increasing advertisements,Show MoreRelatedReflection Paper1317 Words   |  6 Pagesused to struggle with forming my thoughts into writing, let alone a paper. I was never confident with what I wrote. My writing had no greater purpose other than the assignment. My writing process included: writing my paper, proofreading it, and turning it in. Once the paper left my hands, it also left my mind. Throughout this course we worked with others, visited the writing lab, wrote critiques, and we were able to revise our papers. I believe that all of this is has caused me to grow greatly as aRead MoreReflection Paper836 Words   |  4 Pagesand integrating quotes. 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When I arrived back to the nurse’s station after checking on each of my patients, I saw that my co-caring nurse was getting an admission. I looked down at the sheets of paper he had in front ofRead MoreReflection Paper On The Humanities Field1071 Words   |  5 Pages Over the course of this semester each paper that was written helped to introduce me and my fellow classmates to different formatting, and genres of writing. A lot of knowledge was gained from writing these papers and I was able to compare and contrast the disciplinary writings and notice what makes each of them stand out. Reflecting back on these individual papers helps to express what I have learned. The first paper that was written was the humanities essay. The humanities essay helped to provideRead MorePersonal Reflection Paper On English1015 Words   |  5 Pages Reflection Paper English has never been my strong suit. I always hated English simply, because I never concerned myself as a writer. 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What is a Self-injurious Behavior Free Essays

The incident which I have chosen for my Nursing Project happened on the last day of my learning difficulties placement. It involved a young Autistic man, who I will refer to as ‘John† throughout my assignment. This is to protect the client†s identity, this is in accordance with the UKCC Code of professional conduct (1992) clause 10: â€Å"Protect all confidential information concerning patients and clients obtained in the course of professional practice and make disclosures only with consent, where required by the order of a court or where you can justify disclosure in the wider public interest. We will write a custom essay sample on What is a Self-injurious Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now † One incident which I believe highlights the problem I will address, involved myself bathing ‘John†. This was not the first time that I had bathed a person during the placement, however, the difference this time was that while I was washing ‘John†, he would display elf-injurious behaviour by slapping his face and then repeating the phrase ‘stop slapping face†. I chose this incident from my clinical diary as I feel that the self-injurious behaviour that ‘John† exhibited is an interesting and difficult Nursing problem and one, which affected my ability to care for him. Rather than focussing on the self-injury specifically related to ‘John†s† case, I will examine the possible ways to manage self-injurious behaviour, especially in persons with learning disabilities. To manage this problem effectively, a multi-disciplinary approach is required, but for the purposes of this essay I will look at the problem from a Nurse†s perspective. I will begin by giving a brief description of self-injurious behaviour and the possible causes. I will then highlight the different techniques available to Nurses for the management of this behaviour. Murphy and Wilson(1985) define this as: â€Å"Any behaviour initiated by the individual, which directly results in physical harm to that individual.† As is apparent in the literature, self-injurious behaviour is referred to as any behaviour that can cause tissue damage, such as bruises, redness, and open wounds. The most common forms of these behaviours include head banging, hand biting, head-slapping, and excessive scratching. There are two main sets of theories on the subject and these concentrate on physiological or social causes. The main physiological theories are: Self-injurious behaviour releases beta-endorphins in the person†s brain. Beta-endorphins are opiate like substances in the brain, which provide the person with some pleasure when released. Sudden episodes of self-injury may be caused by sub-clinical seizures. Sub-clinical seizures are not typically associated with the behaviours of normal seizures by they are characterised by abnormal EEG patterns. May be caused by over arousal such as frustration. Self-injury acts as a release, and thus lowers arousal. Self-injury may be a form of self-stimulatory, stereotypic behaviour. Some people exhibit self-injury to escape or avoid a task. Self-injurious behaviour may be used as an attention-seeking device. An incident that involved ‘John† which illustrated the difficulty in managing self-injurious behaviour, was when an object he was obsessed with, was removed. This was using a punishment strategy which I will discuss later. This was thought to be the best course of action, but it lead to ‘John† being restrained for nearly an hour, followed by him being sedated with an intra-muscular injection of chlorpromazine. What can learned from this is that it demonstrates the need for careful assessment of the individual. As highlighted by Murphy and Wilson(1985): â€Å"The treatment selected will depend on how the self-injurious behaviour originally developed and what factors maintain it.† There are a wide variety of different strategies or factors involved in treating or managing self-injurious behaviour. These include restraint, pharmacotheraphy, behavioural therapy, inter-personal strategies, normalisation and environmental factors. I will now examine in turn each of these strategies or factors. This is the most effective way of dealing with self-injurious behaviour in an emergency but there are a number of problems that can arise. Firstly, restraint raises some ethical questions, such as does someone have the right to injure themselves? This dilemna and others related to this topic are difficult to answer, but in general we make the assumption that the client is not capable of choosing for themselves. Secondly, the use of restraint present devaluing images of the client. Thirdly, they involve the violation of personal space which is usual for everyday social interaction. This can lead to a detrimental effect on the nurse/client relationship. Furthermore, there is the risk of injury to staff and to the client. Also there is the possibility of staff being accused of abuse, this is highlighted by Jones and Eayrs(1993): â€Å"Care staff may well face allegations of client abuse associated with the use of restraint.† There are some drawbacks in the use of restraint but it is an essential tool available to the Nurse in the management of Self-injurious or challenging behaviour. A number of drug treatments were used at Woodlands namely Chlorpromazine and Hapliperidol. These were reasonably effective but with these drugs there are serious side effects. As stated by Bernstein et al(1994): â€Å"Serious side effects include symptoms similar to those of Parkinson†s disease, such as muscle rigidity, restlessness, tremor and slowed movement.† These side effects can be treated with anti-Parkinson drugs. When trying to manage inappropriate behaviour using psychoactive drugs they should only be used as an integral part of the client†s programme. For example to combine Pharamacotherapy with other strategies such as behavioural treatments. In general behavioural approaches to treatment seem to be the most effective and long lasting ways of managing violent and aggressive behaviour. A reason for this is suggested by Murphy Wilson( ): â€Å"The fact that the ‘learned behaviour hypothesis† is one of the most convincing hypotheses for explaining the development of self-injurious behaviour.† This term covers a variety of different approaches but some of the main methods are positive reinforcement, modelling, extinction, aversive conditioning and punishment. This means, in the context of my essay, reinforcing or strengthening any behaviour that is not self-injurious. An example of this is raised by Bernstein et al (1994): † Autistic children, who, use very little language, were rewarded with grapes, popcorn, or other items for saying ‘please†, ‘thank you† and ‘your welcome† while exchanging crayons and blocks with a therapist.† This is defined by Bernstein et al(1994) as: â€Å"The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response or operand behaviour due to elimination either of the association between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli or of rewards for certain behaviours.† In the case of treating self-injurious behaviour it can be effective, but it is not always possible to use this method, because, firstly the client may seriously injure himself before the behaviour disappears. Secondly, if the reason for the behaviour is self-stimulation, it may not be possible to remove the source of reinforcement. This is basically a method of therapy in which desirable behaviours are demonstrated as a way of teaching them to clients. This method employs classical conditioning principles to link physical or psychological discomfort with undesirable behaviours. An example of this by Bernstein et al(1994) is: â€Å"Alcoholics might be allowed to drink after taking a nausea-producing drug, so that the taste and smell of alcohol are associated with nausea rather than the usual pleasurable feelings.† This was used extensively at woodlands. The main way in which clients were relaxed was through the use of a ‘sensory room.† This was basically a room that contained various lights, music and tactile objects designed to relax the client. The ‘sensory room† was extremely effective at woodlands and was an invaluable apparatus in the management of violent or aggressive behaviour. This kind of strategy involves penalising any behaviour considered to be inappropriate. These were used at Woodlands, sometimes they were effective, but in one case regarding ‘John† it seemed to make matters worse, leading to him to require to be sedated. In general punishment strategies should be used in conjunction with reinforcement of desirable and non-injurious behaviours. This is an important strategy in the treatment of challenging behaviour. It is the way in which a Nurse communicates verbally or non-verbally with the client. It is recognised that inappropriate behaviour from carers can instigate or maintain aggressive behaviours. The important factors as indicated by my research are eye contact, posture, touch and how the nurse actually speaks to the client. From my research I have found that there is a great deal of contradictory advice when dealing with an aggressive client. For example there is some evidence that remaining calm is the best thing to do but Breakwell(1989) cited by Jones and Eayrs(1993) suggests that: â€Å"The assailant who shouts is shouted at: calm intensity is greeted with equal intensity.† What is obvious is that when dealing with a client, interpersonal strategies are extremely important, but there is no right or wrong way. This is defined by Bank-Mikkelson (1980) cited by Murphy and Wilson(1985) as the need to: † Create an existence for the mentally retarded as close to normal living conditions as possible† This means to make conditions of education, housing, work and leisure to as near normal as possible and to bring greater equality of rights, obligations and responsibilities under law. Although it is not necessarily related with the treatment of someone who presents challenging behaviour, it is an important factor in considering the overall care of the client. This is providing an environment safe from potential factors, which may cause challenging behaviours. Some of these negative environmental factors may be things like loud noise, absence of attention, aggression from other residents, isolation or not enough space. How to cite What is a Self-injurious Behavior, Essay examples

To find out how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis in elodea Essay Example

To find out how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis in elodea Essay The aim of my experiment is to find out how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis in elodea (pondweed). To do this I will place the light intensity to various distances and observe the amount of oxygen bubble given off from the reactionPrediction:I predict that as the light intensity changes the rate of photosynthesis will increases of decreases dependent on the amount of light intensity. This will be observed by counting the amount of oxygen bubble given off from the reaction. The oxygen bubbles are given off as a waste product of the plant.Hypothesis:I hypothesised that if the light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis will also increase until a certain level is reached. After, the rate of reaction will than fall down, ultimately increase in light intensity will no longer affect the rate of reaction. This is because other factors effecting rate of reaction will be limited for example: carbon dioxide and temperature.Preliminary workTo check if the range that I chose for my experiment were correct I carried out a preliminary investigation in which I counted the amount of oxygen bubble given off from the reaction at several distances in a given time. To adjust different light intensity I used a lamp at various distances from the reaction of the pondweed. I used the meter ruler to measure the various distances from the plant.Table of result (preliminary work)amount of sodium carbonate (g)Amount of water(HCl)(ml)Amount of pondweed(g)Time(min)Distance of length from the lamp (cm)Number of oxygen bubble given off1st reading2nd reading3rd readingAverage313501.1210121121125122313501.122067526160313501.123019182320313501.124015182118313501.12506565From my opinion I think this experiment was accurate enough to be the foundation for my main experiment because it gave me a good set of results which were reliable since it met my prediction and hypothesis which was, as the light intensity increases the rate of reaction also increases so the closer th e lamp to the reaction the more oxygen bubble were given off. The preliminary experiment also helped me to check if the range of 10, 20,30,40,50 were good enough to give me a good set result which I can draw a graph too. The graph for this result was accurate because it gave me a good best fit curve I think it was simple and efficient way of obtaining an idea of the trends for the graphVariablesIndependent variableDependent variableControl variable* The distance from the through this is to make sure that the light intensity varies, so that we obtain an adequate range of result. To make it reliable I used measurement meter ruler to measure the distance* Number of oxygen bubble given off this is a result of the reaction pondweed takes in carbon dioxide (from the sodium hydrogen chloride) and Water to produce oxygen, this is noticed by the volume of oxygen produced in a minute, and there for finding the rate of photosynthesis* The amount of pondweed is kept the same because the incr ease in pondweed the higher the rate of photosynthesis, so keep it constant I used the same pondweed through out the experiment.* Water this is also required in the reaction of photosynthesis and it is important that it is kept constant thought out the experiment because water can also effect the rate of photosynthesis, how ever in a water plant like a pondweed, as long as the plant is fully submerged in water all the time there is no a problem of keeping the water constant.* Sodium hydrogen carbonate kept constant to keep the carbon dioxide even as it varies in photosynthesis, so I would make sure that fixed amount of sodium hydrogen carbonate is in the water and also that it is sufficient for the whole experiment to take place so it doesnt become a limiting factor during the experiment.* Temperature temperature also effects the rate of photosynthesis temperature will increase the rate of photosynthesis, until a point at which the enzymes denature, so it is important to keep the temperature constant so I have chosen to keep the temperature at the room temperature, to make it stays steady I am going to put the thermometer in to the water and check it frequently to make sure it stays to room temperature, some time the light given off from the lamp also increases the temperature so I am going to use a screen in front of the lamp to prevent the heat from the light so it is fair.* Light wavelength this can simply be controlled by keeping the same lamp to the same amount of light given of through the whole experiment.Apparatus used:* Pond weed of the experiment* Lamp for the light* Thermometer check the temperature* Water -* Funnel to keep the pondweed in the same place* Screen to allow light and prevent heat* Trough -* Boiling tube* Spatula* Stop watch* Mass balance* Sodium hydrogen carbonate* Meter rulerDrawing of how the apparatus was assembled:Method:1. I Collected all the equipment that were needed2. Then filled the sink with water.3. Later on, I then filled the trough with water.4. I than set the pondweed in the funnel5. And covered the top of the funnel with boiling tube so the oxygen in the air would not affect my experiment.6. I added a small amount of Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate (3g) to the water, which was under the funnel using a spatula.7. I than placed the lamp at the first distance (10cm); lamp was switched off.8. I placed a thermometer in the water.9. Then I set/reset the stopwatch.10. I then switched on the lamp and started the stop watch at the sight of the fist bubble.11. I used the stopwatch to time for 2 minutes in order for me to calculate how many bubbles were being produced.12. I then switched off the lamp and took the reading down.13. And used the same method to get the reading for other distances.Fair test:* to make the experiment fair I maintain the control variable which were:* The amount of pondweed was kept the same through out the experiment.* Water kept constant thought out the experiment.* Keep the temp erature constant at the room temperature.* Use the same lamp through out the experiment* The experiment was done 3 times.* Stop watch was used to time the reaction* Same people counted the bubbles through out.* Have 2 people counting the bubbles to make it more fair.Safety:* Wear goggles through out the experiment.* Do not touch the lamp as it might be hot.* Do not touch electrical equipment with wet hands.* Do not look into the lamp while on as it might effect the eye.Range:* 10cm* 20cm* 30cm* 40cm* 50cmHow the collected data was made reliable:* I used a wide range of distances 5* Done the experiment 3 times so its reliable* Averaged out the 3 readingsTHE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS:Photosynthesis is the chemical process change which happens in the leaves of green plants. It is the first step towards making food not just for plants, but ultimately for every animal on the planet as well. During this reaction, carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose and oxygen. The reactio n requires energy in the form of sunlight, and chlorophyll must also be present.The glucose produced in the photosynthesis reaction can be converted to sucrose and carried to other parts of the plant in phloem vessels. Glucose can also be converted into starch and stored (the starch can later be turned back into glucose and used in respiration). Oxygen is a waste product of photosynthesis.Photosynthesis takes place primarily in plant leaves, and little to none occurs in stems, etc. The parts of a typical leaf include the upper and lower epidermis, the Mesophyll, the vascular bundle(s) (veins), and the stomatas. The upper and lower epidermal cells do not have chloroplasts, thus photosynthesis does not occur there. They serve primarily as protection for the rest of the leaf. The stomatas are holes which occur primarily in the lower epidermis and are for air exchange: they let CO2 in and O2 out. The vascular bundles or veins in a leaf are part of the plants transportation system, movin g water and nutrients around the plant as needed. The Mesophyll cells have chloroplasts and this is where photosynthesis occurs.There are two kinds of Mesophyll cells palisade Mesophyll and spongy Mesophyll. The Mesophyll cells contain tiny bodies called chloroplasts which contain green chemical called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll enables the light energy from sunlight to be converted into chemical energy for the photosynthesis reaction.Conditions needed for photosynthesisPhotosynthesis needs:* chlorophyll* carbon dioxide (from the air)* water (from the soil)* sunlight energy (any light will do except green light)Photosynthesis produces:* glucose* oxygen (a waste product)Chlorophyll and light energy both need to be present for photosynthesis to take place, but they are not actually part of the reaction they are not used up.Word equation for photosynthesis:Symbol equation for photosynthesis:FACTORS AFFECTING PHOTOSYNTHESIS:Factors which affect the rate of photosynthesis include, light intensity, temperature and carbon dioxide concentration. Each factor affects a different rate-limiting step.How Light Intensity affects photosynthesis:As light intensity increases, the photosynthetic rate increases until a point is reached where the rate begins to level off. At low light intensity, photosynthesis occurs slowly because only a small quantity of ATP and NADPH is created by the light dependent reactions. As light intensity increases, more ATP and NADPH are created, thus increasing the photosynthetic rate. At high light intensity, photosynthetic rate levels out, not due to light intensity but due to other limiting factors, including competition between oxygen and carbon dioxide for the active site.How Carbon dioxide affects photosynthesis:As carbon dioxide concentration increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases. At high concentrations, the rate of photosynthesis begins to level out due to factors not related to carbon dioxide concentration. One reason might be that some of the enzymes of photosynthesis are working at their maximum rate. In general, carbon dioxide is found in low concentration in the atmosphere, and so atmospheric carbon dioxide levels may be a major limiting factor on photosynthesis when at low levels.How Temperature Affects Photosynthetic Rate:As temperature increases above freezing, the rate of photosynthesis increases. This occurs because molecules are moving more quickly and there is a greater chance of a collision resulting in a chemical reaction. At some point, a temperature is reached that is an optimum temperature. The photosynthetic reaction rate is at its quickest rate at this point. Above that temperature, the enzymes begin to denature, slowing the rate of photosynthesis until a temperature is reached where photosynthesis does not occur at all.Photosynthesis and respirationTo unlock the energy in the carbohydrate produced in photosynthesis, green plants need to respire, just as animals do. Respiration takes place i n the plants cells, using oxygen to produce energy and giving off carbon dioxide as a waste product. So in terms of the gas taken in and the gas given out, respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis.The result is that during the day when the plant is both respiring and photosynthesising there is a two-way traffic of oxygen and carbon dioxide both into and out of the plant. During the night when the plant is respiring but not photosynthesising, oxygen is being taken in but not given out and carbon dioxide is being given out but not taken in.Plants use up more carbon dioxide in photosynthesis than they produce in respiration, and produce more oxygen while photosynthesising than they use up while respiring.Table of result (final)amount of sodium hydrogen carbonate (g)Amount of water(ml)Amount of pondweed(g)Time(min)Distance from the lamp (cm)Number of oxygen bubble given off1st reading2nd reading3rd readingAverage313501.1210119121128122313501.122062546360313501.123017182119313501.1 24014161715313501.12505465AnalysisFrom my graph I found out that the rate of photosynthesis decreased as the light intensity decreased. This is because photosynthesis is a reaction, which needs light energy to work, so as the amount of energy from the light intensity decreased so did the amount of photosynthesis thus less oxygen bubbles were given off.In addition, I saw that there is a pattern on my graph which was, as the distance of lamp is decreased the number of bubbles increases. As I expected in my hypothesis; that if the light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis will also increase so if the lamp is moved near the trough there will be more oxygen bubbles given off since the light intensity is increased.From these results I am able to conclude that as the light intensity increases more water molecules are split by photolysis which means more oxygen bubbles would be produced this shows that the rate of photosynthesis has also increased.However my result doesnt show a definite conclusion because there are were other factors that were affecting the rate of photosynthesis such as carbon dioxide and the temperature which as a result produced an anomalous point on the graph.Overall, my graphs and results support my prediction fully. My idea that the rate of photosynthesis would increase with light intensity was comprehensively backed up by my results.EvaluationIn my opinion I think that this experiment was quite successful overall, since I followed the way I did my preliminary experiment as it was accurate enough to be the base of my final experiment. The method that I used was accurate enough to give me a reliable data however there were some error which affected my results such as the heat generated by the lamp. As I have earlier described, temperature has a very noticeable effect on the rate of photosynthesis, to stop this I used the screen in front of the lamp so the heat does affect the process of photosynthesis yet because the screen was quite small the heat escaped and affected the reaction. Another error was counting the bubbles; because I counted the bubbles visually I think it made the experiment unreliable therefore to make my experiment reliable and fair next time I would use a gas syringe to measure the volume of oxygen given out from the process of photosynthesis.I think that the result that I found was reliable overall because on my graph there was only one anomalous point which didnt fit the curve of best-fit this might have been because of one of the reasons from the errors which I mentioned earlier in the evaluation might have affected the result at that pointOverall, I felt that due to the small volumes of oxygen involved, my experiment was not as accurate as it could have been, however I believe the result that I got from this experiment was accurate enough to support and justify my hypotheses and prediction. To find out how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis in elodea Essay Example To find out how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis in elodea Essay The aim of my experiment is to find out how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis in elodea (pondweed). To do this I will place the light intensity to various distances and observe the amount of oxygen bubble given off from the reactionPrediction:I predict that as the light intensity changes the rate of photosynthesis will increases of decreases dependent on the amount of light intensity. This will be observed by counting the amount of oxygen bubble given off from the reaction. The oxygen bubbles are given off as a waste product of the plant.Hypothesis:I hypothesised that if the light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis will also increase until a certain level is reached. After, the rate of reaction will than fall down, ultimately increase in light intensity will no longer affect the rate of reaction. This is because other factors effecting rate of reaction will be limited for example: carbon dioxide and temperature.Preliminary workTo check if the range that I chose for my experiment were correct I carried out a preliminary investigation in which I counted the amount of oxygen bubble given off from the reaction at several distances in a given time. To adjust different light intensity I used a lamp at various distances from the reaction of the pondweed. I used the meter ruler to measure the various distances from the plant.Table of result (preliminary work)amount of sodium carbonate (g)Amount of water(HCl)(ml)Amount of pondweed(g)Time(min)Distance of length from the lamp (cm)Number of oxygen bubble given off1st reading2nd reading3rd readingAverage313501.1210121121125122313501.122067526160313501.123019182320313501.124015182118313501.12506565From my opinion I think this experiment was accurate enough to be the foundation for my main experiment because it gave me a good set of results which were reliable since it met my prediction and hypothesis which was, as the light intensity increases the rate of reaction also increases so the closer th e lamp to the reaction the more oxygen bubble were given off. The preliminary experiment also helped me to check if the range of 10, 20,30,40,50 were good enough to give me a good set result which I can draw a graph too. The graph for this result was accurate because it gave me a good best fit curve I think it was simple and efficient way of obtaining an idea of the trends for the graphVariablesIndependent variableDependent variableControl variable* The distance from the through this is to make sure that the light intensity varies, so that we obtain an adequate range of result. To make it reliable I used measurement meter ruler to measure the distance* Number of oxygen bubble given off this is a result of the reaction pondweed takes in carbon dioxide (from the sodium hydrogen chloride) and Water to produce oxygen, this is noticed by the volume of oxygen produced in a minute, and there for finding the rate of photosynthesis* The amount of pondweed is kept the same because the incr ease in pondweed the higher the rate of photosynthesis, so keep it constant I used the same pondweed through out the experiment.* Water this is also required in the reaction of photosynthesis and it is important that it is kept constant thought out the experiment because water can also effect the rate of photosynthesis, how ever in a water plant like a pondweed, as long as the plant is fully submerged in water all the time there is no a problem of keeping the water constant.* Sodium hydrogen carbonate kept constant to keep the carbon dioxide even as it varies in photosynthesis, so I would make sure that fixed amount of sodium hydrogen carbonate is in the water and also that it is sufficient for the whole experiment to take place so it doesnt become a limiting factor during the experiment.* Temperature temperature also effects the rate of photosynthesis temperature will increase the rate of photosynthesis, until a point at which the enzymes denature, so it is important to keep the temperature constant so I have chosen to keep the temperature at the room temperature, to make it stays steady I am going to put the thermometer in to the water and check it frequently to make sure it stays to room temperature, some time the light given off from the lamp also increases the temperature so I am going to use a screen in front of the lamp to prevent the heat from the light so it is fair.* Light wavelength this can simply be controlled by keeping the same lamp to the same amount of light given of through the whole experiment.Apparatus used:* Pond weed of the experiment* Lamp for the light* Thermometer check the temperature* Water -* Funnel to keep the pondweed in the same place* Screen to allow light and prevent heat* Trough -* Boiling tube* Spatula* Stop watch* Mass balance* Sodium hydrogen carbonate* Meter rulerDrawing of how the apparatus was assembled:Method:1. I Collected all the equipment that were needed2. Then filled the sink with water.3. Later on, I then filled the trough with water.4. I than set the pondweed in the funnel5. And covered the top of the funnel with boiling tube so the oxygen in the air would not affect my experiment.6. I added a small amount of Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate (3g) to the water, which was under the funnel using a spatula.7. I than placed the lamp at the first distance (10cm); lamp was switched off.8. I placed a thermometer in the water.9. Then I set/reset the stopwatch.10. I then switched on the lamp and started the stop watch at the sight of the fist bubble.11. I used the stopwatch to time for 2 minutes in order for me to calculate how many bubbles were being produced.12. I then switched off the lamp and took the reading down.13. And used the same method to get the reading for other distances.Fair test:* to make the experiment fair I maintain the control variable which were:* The amount of pondweed was kept the same through out the experiment.* Water kept constant thought out the experiment.* Keep the temp erature constant at the room temperature.* Use the same lamp through out the experiment* The experiment was done 3 times.* Stop watch was used to time the reaction* Same people counted the bubbles through out.* Have 2 people counting the bubbles to make it more fair.Safety:* Wear goggles through out the experiment.* Do not touch the lamp as it might be hot.* Do not touch electrical equipment with wet hands.* Do not look into the lamp while on as it might effect the eye.Range:* 10cm* 20cm* 30cm* 40cm* 50cmHow the collected data was made reliable:* I used a wide range of distances 5* Done the experiment 3 times so its reliable* Averaged out the 3 readingsTHE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS:Photosynthesis is the chemical process change which happens in the leaves of green plants. It is the first step towards making food not just for plants, but ultimately for every animal on the planet as well. During this reaction, carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose and oxygen. The reactio n requires energy in the form of sunlight, and chlorophyll must also be present.The glucose produced in the photosynthesis reaction can be converted to sucrose and carried to other parts of the plant in phloem vessels. Glucose can also be converted into starch and stored (the starch can later be turned back into glucose and used in respiration). Oxygen is a waste product of photosynthesis.Photosynthesis takes place primarily in plant leaves, and little to none occurs in stems, etc. The parts of a typical leaf include the upper and lower epidermis, the Mesophyll, the vascular bundle(s) (veins), and the stomatas. The upper and lower epidermal cells do not have chloroplasts, thus photosynthesis does not occur there. They serve primarily as protection for the rest of the leaf. The stomatas are holes which occur primarily in the lower epidermis and are for air exchange: they let CO2 in and O2 out. The vascular bundles or veins in a leaf are part of the plants transportation system, movin g water and nutrients around the plant as needed. The Mesophyll cells have chloroplasts and this is where photosynthesis occurs.There are two kinds of Mesophyll cells palisade Mesophyll and spongy Mesophyll. The Mesophyll cells contain tiny bodies called chloroplasts which contain green chemical called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll enables the light energy from sunlight to be converted into chemical energy for the photosynthesis reaction.Conditions needed for photosynthesisPhotosynthesis needs:* chlorophyll* carbon dioxide (from the air)* water (from the soil)* sunlight energy (any light will do except green light)Photosynthesis produces:* glucose* oxygen (a waste product)Chlorophyll and light energy both need to be present for photosynthesis to take place, but they are not actually part of the reaction they are not used up.Word equation for photosynthesis:Symbol equation for photosynthesis:FACTORS AFFECTING PHOTOSYNTHESIS:Factors which affect the rate of photosynthesis include, light intensity, temperature and carbon dioxide concentration. Each factor affects a different rate-limiting step.How Light Intensity affects photosynthesis:As light intensity increases, the photosynthetic rate increases until a point is reached where the rate begins to level off. At low light intensity, photosynthesis occurs slowly because only a small quantity of ATP and NADPH is created by the light dependent reactions. As light intensity increases, more ATP and NADPH are created, thus increasing the photosynthetic rate. At high light intensity, photosynthetic rate levels out, not due to light intensity but due to other limiting factors, including competition between oxygen and carbon dioxide for the active site.How Carbon dioxide affects photosynthesis:As carbon dioxide concentration increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases. At high concentrations, the rate of photosynthesis begins to level out due to factors not related to carbon dioxide concentration. One reason might be that some of the enzymes of photosynthesis are working at their maximum rate. In general, carbon dioxide is found in low concentration in the atmosphere, and so atmospheric carbon dioxide levels may be a major limiting factor on photosynthesis when at low levels.How Temperature Affects Photosynthetic Rate:As temperature increases above freezing, the rate of photosynthesis increases. This occurs because molecules are moving more quickly and there is a greater chance of a collision resulting in a chemical reaction. At some point, a temperature is reached that is an optimum temperature. The photosynthetic reaction rate is at its quickest rate at this point. Above that temperature, the enzymes begin to denature, slowing the rate of photosynthesis until a temperature is reached where photosynthesis does not occur at all.Photosynthesis and respirationTo unlock the energy in the carbohydrate produced in photosynthesis, green plants need to respire, just as animals do. Respiration takes place i n the plants cells, using oxygen to produce energy and giving off carbon dioxide as a waste product. So in terms of the gas taken in and the gas given out, respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis.The result is that during the day when the plant is both respiring and photosynthesising there is a two-way traffic of oxygen and carbon dioxide both into and out of the plant. During the night when the plant is respiring but not photosynthesising, oxygen is being taken in but not given out and carbon dioxide is being given out but not taken in.Plants use up more carbon dioxide in photosynthesis than they produce in respiration, and produce more oxygen while photosynthesising than they use up while respiring.Table of result (final)amount of sodium hydrogen carbonate (g)Amount of water(ml)Amount of pondweed(g)Time(min)Distance from the lamp (cm)Number of oxygen bubble given off1st reading2nd reading3rd readingAverage313501.1210119121128122313501.122062546360313501.123017182119313501.1 24014161715313501.12505465AnalysisFrom my graph I found out that the rate of photosynthesis decreased as the light intensity decreased. This is because photosynthesis is a reaction, which needs light energy to work, so as the amount of energy from the light intensity decreased so did the amount of photosynthesis thus less oxygen bubbles were given off.In addition, I saw that there is a pattern on my graph which was, as the distance of lamp is decreased the number of bubbles increases. As I expected in my hypothesis; that if the light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis will also increase so if the lamp is moved near the trough there will be more oxygen bubbles given off since the light intensity is increased.From these results I am able to conclude that as the light intensity increases more water molecules are split by photolysis which means more oxygen bubbles would be produced this shows that the rate of photosynthesis has also increased.However my result doesnt show a definite conclusion because there are were other factors that were affecting the rate of photosynthesis such as carbon dioxide and the temperature which as a result produced an anomalous point on the graph.Overall, my graphs and results support my prediction fully. My idea that the rate of photosynthesis would increase with light intensity was comprehensively backed up by my results.EvaluationIn my opinion I think that this experiment was quite successful overall, since I followed the way I did my preliminary experiment as it was accurate enough to be the base of my final experiment. The method that I used was accurate enough to give me a reliable data however there were some error which affected my results such as the heat generated by the lamp. As I have earlier described, temperature has a very noticeable effect on the rate of photosynthesis, to stop this I used the screen in front of the lamp so the heat does affect the process of photosynthesis yet because the screen was quite small the heat escaped and affected the reaction. Another error was counting the bubbles; because I counted the bubbles visually I think it made the experiment unreliable therefore to make my experiment reliable and fair next time I would use a gas syringe to measure the volume of oxygen given out from the process of photosynthesis.I think that the result that I found was reliable overall because on my graph there was only one anomalous point which didnt fit the curve of best-fit this might have been because of one of the reasons from the errors which I mentioned earlier in the evaluation might have affected the result at that pointOverall, I felt that due to the small volumes of oxygen involved, my experiment was not as accurate as it could have been, however I believe the result that I got from this experiment was accurate enough to support and justify my hypotheses and prediction.