Special Education Supports and Services

Most parents of special education students remember when their child first came under the radar of her teachers and school administrators. After that initial call home, the jargon began to land fast and furious. IEPs, NPEs, ICT... and that was just the acronyms. Having a child with special needs requires that parents become advocates, and to learn all the options available to your child could (and does) fill a seminar. Perhaps the fundamental unit of special ed options is the support. What Are Special Ed Supports? Supports are any services, strategies or situations that may benefit your child in school. When your childs IEP (Individualized Education Plan) team meets—thats you, your childs teacher, and school personnel that may include the psychologist, counselor, and others—most of the discussion will be about the kinds of supports that can help the student. Kinds of Special Ed Supports Some special education supports are fundamental. Your child may need transportation to and from school. She may be unable to function in a large classroom and need one with fewer pupils. He may benefit from being in a team-taught or ICT class. These kinds of supports will change the situation of your child in school and may require changing his classroom and teacher. Services are another typically prescribed support. Services range from therapeutic consultations with a counselor to sessions with occupational or physical therapists. These kinds of supports rely on providers who may not be part of the school and may be contracted by the school or your towns department of education. For some severely disabled children or those whose disability is the result of an accident or other physical trauma, supports may take the shape of medical interventions. Your child may need help eating lunch or using the bathroom. Often these supports fall beyond the capacity of a public school and an alternative setting is recommended. Examples of Supports and Services The following is a list provides you with some samples of special education support modifications, adjustments, strategies, and services that may be provided to meet the needs of various exceptional students. This list is also helpful to assist you to determine which strategies would best suit your child. The list of examples will vary depending upon the actual level of support determined by the placement of the student. Alternate curriculumSpecific reading materialsAnger and/or stress managementSpecial education teacher for resource or withdrawal supportTest and exam supportAttendance monitoringBehavior managementClassroom modifications: alternate seating arrangementsCurriculum modifications and adjustmentsLearning strategiesEducational assistant support (paraprofessional)Peer teachingSelf-contained classTechnology supportFacility modifications or adjustmentsPartial school dayToileting, feedingTimeout and/or physical restraintsVolunteer assistanceSmall group instructionWithdrawal supportCommunity work experienceSocial integrationSupervision for non-instructional timeSmaller class sizeSpecial timetable These are just some of the supports that parents should be aware of. As your childs advocate, ask questions and raise possibilities. Everyone on your childs IEP team wants her to succeed, so dont be afraid to lead the conversation.

Essay about Descartes View on the Senses - 652 Words

Descartes first meditation included a few arguments that Descartes studied and analyze. The one I choose to analyze was his argument of sense deception. The actually argument is the following: (1) My senses sometimes deceive me. (2) If my senses sometimes deceive me, then they might always deceive me. (3) If my senses might always deceive me, then I cannot be certain about any beliefs acquired through my senses. (4) If I cannot be certain about any beliefs acquired through my senses, then I must suspend judgment on those beliefs. (5) Therefore I must suspend my judgment of those beliefs. To put this is premise conclusion argument form, it would look like this: - A - If A then B - If B then C - If C then D - Therefore D This form is†¦show more content†¦1993. Meditations on First Philosophy. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company, page 14 pencil in a glass of water, the pencil will look like it is broken in half, but it is just the property of water that makes it seem like it’s broken. The next premise is that if my senses sometimes deceive me, then they might always deceive me. He stated that, â€Å"In a mark of prudence never to place our complete trust in those who have deceived us even once2.† So what Descartes means is that if someone or something deceives you once, there is a possibility that it will deceive you again. So you cannot fully trust that someone or something. His third premise was, â€Å"If my senses might always deceive me, then I cannot be certain about any beliefs acquired through my senses.† Descartes demands certainty. Therefore if something deceives him once, he cannot be certain it will not deceive him again. He cannot base any of his be liefs on his sense since he is not certain about his sense misleading him. His last premise was, â€Å"If I cannot be certain about any beliefs acquired through my senses, then I must suspend judgment on those beliefs.† Since he feels he cannot be certain about any beliefs that he gets from senses, he has to stop making conclusion based on those beliefs he got from his senses, because of his lack of certainty. Then he concludes by saying he must suspend judgment on those beliefs. This argument is a form of multiple modus ponens.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Descartes s The Meditations Essay1285 Words   |  6 PagesAbility to Perceive In the Meditations, Descartes abandons his views about everything he knows in the world. During this he discusses the idea of senses relying on the mind rather than the body. The role of senses is shown through his demonstration of the wax example and the ever changing properties the wax entailed. â€Å"The perception I have of it is a case not of vision or touch or imagination†¦but purely of mental scrutiny.† (Descartes 31) To Descartes, the senses were deceiving and could not be solelyRead MoreDescartes : The Father Of Modern Philosophy1055 Words   |  5 Pagesthe fact that I am something.† (Descartes, â€Å"Meditations on First Philosophy,† 182) Rene Descartes is widely considered the father of modern philosophy. He created many new ideas about the self, which is something that has been contested since the dawn of philosophy. Even now, the world is nowhere near a unified thought on the soul. Descartes is most famous for addressing this, and is often summarized by the famous â€Å"Cogito Ergo Sum (I think, therefore I am)†Descartes offers a great deal of importantRead MoreMetaphysical Studies Of The Self And Personal Identity1395 Words   |  6 PagesMetaphysical studies of the self and personal identity were near non-existent prior to Renà © Descartes’ â€Å"Meditations on First Philosophy†. While â€Å"Meditations† was not written with the main focus on personal identity, Descartes makes assertions regarding the subject through the possessive voice. Most of the assertions regarding personal identity materialize in Mediations two and six. By using â€Å"I† in his essay, his epistemologi cal paper is turned into a paper that also concerns self, consciousnessRead MoreDescartes: Knowledge is Truth Essay1202 Words   |  5 PagesDescartes: Knowledge is Truth With the emergence of the scientific revolution in the 17th century, views of society and nature were transformed throughout Europe. There were great developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry. The world and its views were changing, and with that change, came a new change in thought, a new change in philosophy. Apart from ancient Greek philosophy, which was centered on finding order in a vast variety of things by searching for a fundamentalRead MoreThe Views On The Senses, But At The Same Time1368 Words   |  6 PagesMichael Geathers Philosophy S. Yeng 10/2/15 The topic of paper will involve an in-depth discussion of two differing views on the senses, but at the same time. These two epistemological and ontological views have been discussed by French philosopher Rene Descartes and Greek philosopher, Socrates. The first view, where Socrates proposes that in understanding knowledge, the senses should not be of great importance to humanity. He instead believes that understanding the world of ideas is the theoryRead MoreDescartes vs. Locke1175 Words   |  5 PagesPhilosophy Essay (Descartes vs. Locke) Socrates once said, â€Å"As for me, all I know is that I know nothing.† Several philosophers contradicted Socrates’ outlook and believed that true knowledge was in fact attainable. This epistemological view however had several stances to it, as philosophers held different beliefs in regards to the derivation of true knowledge. Rationalists believed that the mind was the source of true knowledge, while in Empiricism, true knowledge derived from the senses. Rene DescartesRead MoreDescartes Argument For The Discovery Of Scientific Truth Essay1192 Words   |  5 Pagesoffered by Renà © Descartes in Rules for the Discovery of Scientific Truth. In order to accomplish this task, I will discern and explain Descartes’ argument, offer what I consider to be the most significant objection to the argument, and contemplate how Descartes would reply to my objection. For the purposes of explanation, I will temporarily put aside the first sentence of the paragraph in which Descartes’ argument can be found. The second sentence of the paragraph begins with Descartes discussing howRead MoreThe Philosophical View Of Empiricism1382 Words   |  6 Pages Today in society, many people are free to follow which ever philosophical view that they feel is right for them. Each philosophical view has a different set of beliefs, and many philosophers went through great lengths to prove that the philosophical view of their choice was the best one. In this paper I will be talking about two philosophical theories. The first one is called Empiricism, and it was made famous by a philosopher named David Hume. Empiricism states that our knowledge should comeRead MoreDescartes Views on the Topic of Philosophy of Mind Essay755 Words   |  4 PagesDescartes Views on the Topic of Philosophy of Mind Descartes has indeeed made some notable contributions towards the philosophy of mind. It is the aim of this essay to discuss these contributions. Descartes is well known for being an avid dualist. This is the view that the mind and body are understood to be seperate and distinct from each other, but in some way causally connected. Descartes was no exception and believed the mind and body to be two completely differentRead MoreRene Descartes s Philosophy And The Science Of Philosophy1114 Words   |  5 PagesRene Descartes was a rationalist who is considered the father of modern philosophy, primarily because his ideas departed from current understanding in the early 17th century, which was more feeling based (Biography.com). He was born on March 31, 1956, in France and was a very educated man. His mother sent him to a boarding school which was considered college at an early age of 8. Additionally, by the age of 22 he had obtained his degree as a lawyer. To further this, he believed that all truths were

WeekOneTeamWorkEditTwo Free Essays

If your sample textbook does not contain NY of the graphs listed below, please indicate that as you complete the table. Grade Book Name Picture Graph (How and when introduced) Bar Graph Line Graph Circle Graph Other Kindergarten Sahara, J. , Clement, D. We will write a custom essay sample on WeekOneTeamWorkEditTwo or any similar topic only for you Order Now H. (2006). Mathematics in kindergarten. (5 De. , Volvo. 61, p. 38). Pro Quest Central. Data analysis is part of kindergarten and includes graphing. Children in kindergarten use different kinds of photographs to represent the answer to a question. Picture Graphs are also used to represent the answers to questions. There Were no bars graphs introduced in this excerpt from the book. Although through further research learned that bar graphs are introduced in second grade. There were also no line graphs used in this book excerpt. In further research I found that line plots were beginning to be taught in the second grade. There was no mention of circle graphs in this excerpt. In doing further research though found that circle graphs are beginning to be introduced in the fifth grade. Geometric shapes are learned. What is a circle? Where do we see circles in everyday life? Putting shapes together to make other shapes. Transformations, symmetry, measurements, and patterns are also introduced in kindergarten. 4 Hake, Stephen Saxon, John. (2004) Saxon Math 5/4 Student Edition The picture graph is the first one to be introduced in this book although it is being reviewed because it was introduced in a previous grade. This particular book collected data from the students about which type of food they liked most and used pictures of the food to represent that number. The bar graph was introduced after the picture graph. The information used in the picture graph was transferred to a bar graph to show the students the same information in a different format. The line graph was introduced at the end of third grade, but not in much detail. In this edition, the line graph is used to display a person’s height from birth to ID years of age. The circle graph, also known as a pie chart or graph, was introduced after the line graph. The example in the book was someone keeping track and showing how they spend their day. How to cite WeekOneTeamWorkEditTwo, Papers

Effects Of Music On The Mind Essay Example For Students

Effects Of Music On The Mind Essay TttAre people typically geniuses? Statistically, people probably are not. In fact, most peopleprobably arent even intellectually gifted at all. Most people are likely to be pretty muchaverage, maybe a little bit above average, or a little below, but very average none theless. It is universally understood that people strive to learn to become wiser and moreinformed about the world around them. The more people learn, the more powerful theycan become. It is the speed at which people learn that separates the geniuses from theaverage people and from the learning disabled. Geniuses dont run into problems whilelearning, because they learn very fast. It is everyone else that could really use help. Onesolid way to increase the speed at which people learn is with music. People learn throughmusic and their minds grow faster because of it. Some music, when implementedproperly, can have positive effects on learning and attitude. Music is a powerful thing, andwhen we understand its significance, it can bring dramatic changes both positive andnegative into our lives. The earliest stages of learning for young children are the most important. Thefundamentals of learning are instilled into a child at a very young age. How muchimportance is placed on these fundamentals can have dramatic affects on the future ofthe childs learning. Music, when applied in a constructive way, can have positive effectson a childs ability to learning and can help them in many ways. One way that music can make learning easier for a young child is by implementing musiclessons into a childs normal activities. A small study was done two years back involvingten three-year-olds who were tested on their ability to put together a puzzle and the speedat which they could do it (Learning Keys 24). After the initial test was taken, five of thechildren were given singing lessons for 30 minutes a day and the other five were givenpiano lessons for 15 minutes a week (24). The lessons were conducted over a six- monthperiod of time, and after the six months, all of the kids showed substantial improvementin the speed at which they could put together the puzzle (24). The researchersunderstand this skill in putting pieces of a puzzle together as the same reasoning thatengineers, chess players and high-level mathematicians use. In this study of inner-citykids, their initial scores were below the national average, but afterwards their scoresnearly doubled (24). The term given to this type of reasoning and thought that goes intoputting pieces of a puzzle together is called abstract reasoning. By teaching music,people exercise the same abstract reasoning skills that they use for doing math or someother exercise in which the people have to visualize in their head. An eight month studywas conducted by Frances H. Rauscher of the University of California at Irvine. In thisstudy, nineteen preschoolers, ranging in age from three to five, received weekly keyboardand daily singing lessons while another fivteen preschoolers received no musical trainingat all (Bower 143). At the begining, middle and end of the study, the subjects were testedon five spatial reasoning tasks (143). After only four months, scores on the test toassemble a puzzle to form a picture improved dramatically for the group with the musicaltraining, while the control group didnt, even though both groups started out with thesame scores (143). It can be stated that this kind of improvement may not be substantialenough to alter the way people are fundamentally taught, but its results cannot beignored. .u1ce7ced37e50be55f7821ece4fd203b2 , .u1ce7ced37e50be55f7821ece4fd203b2 .postImageUrl , .u1ce7ced37e50be55f7821ece4fd203b2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1ce7ced37e50be55f7821ece4fd203b2 , .u1ce7ced37e50be55f7821ece4fd203b2:hover , .u1ce7ced37e50be55f7821ece4fd203b2:visited , .u1ce7ced37e50be55f7821ece4fd203b2:active { border:0!important; } .u1ce7ced37e50be55f7821ece4fd203b2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1ce7ced37e50be55f7821ece4fd203b2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1ce7ced37e50be55f7821ece4fd203b2:active , .u1ce7ced37e50be55f7821ece4fd203b2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1ce7ced37e50be55f7821ece4fd203b2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1ce7ced37e50be55f7821ece4fd203b2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1ce7ced37e50be55f7821ece4fd203b2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1ce7ced37e50be55f7821ece4fd203b2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1ce7ced37e50be55f7821ece4fd203b2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1ce7ced37e50be55f7821ece4fd203b2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1ce7ced37e50be55f7821ece4fd203b2 .u1ce7ced37e50be55f7821ece4fd203b2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1ce7ced37e50be55f7821ece4fd203b2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Truth Exposed in Body Rituals among the Naciremas Essay Rauscher explains, Music instruction can improve a childs spatial intelligencefor a long time, perhaps permanently (qtd. in Bower 143). Implementing such changesand improvements into a young childs learning could have great effects on them in thefuture when dealing with the same spatial reasoning skills. With its resulting improvements in spatial reasoning, music can also be a very helpfultool when actually implementing it into the classroom and intergradting it with basicschool curriculum. In New York City, a program called Learning through an Expanded ArtsProgram, or LEAP, has been going on for a while and provides both music and the arts isimplemented into the school curriculum to improve scholastic scores of children at alllevels (Dean and Gross 614). One way in which music is implemented is with math. Theycall it musical

OF MICE AND MEN Essays (11137 words) - , Term Papers

OF MICE AND MEN KEY LITERARY ELEMENTS SETTING This book is set in two places. It starts beside a stream, close to the Salinas River, a few miles South of Soledad. It then moves to a ranch, where the major part of the story is set. At the end of the novel, the setting comes back to where it started. The stream introduces George and Lennie. They are on their way to a near-by ranch. The surrounding land is thick in vegetation and has its own wild life. Men frequent it, as there are ash piles made by many fires and the limbs of the sycamore tree have been smoothed by the many men who have sat on it. The ranch, where the major part of the story takes place, appears isolated and lonely. It includes a ranch house, a bunkhouse where the ranch workers live, a barn, and a harness-room off the barn. CHARACTERS Major Characters George - the protagonist and main character of the book. He is a caring, compassionate, and understanding human being who dreams of owning his own piece of land. Lennie - the obedient friend of George. He has a child's mind and a giant's body. It is these contrasting qualities that cause him problems. Old Candy - one of the lonely ranch workers. He is a cripple, working as a 'Swamper'. Crooks - a black ranch hand. He is sensible and neat, with a mind of his own. He is a lonely character, who is discriminated against, due to his race. Slim - a ranch worker with leadership qualities. He commands respect from all on the ranch. Curley - the boss's son who is a light weight boxer. He picks fights with everybody on the ranch. Curley's wife - the only woman on the ranch. She is very flirtatious. Minor Characters Carlson - a brutal man. He objects to Candy keeping his old dog. Whit - a ranch worker. He is sent to town to fetch the Sheriff after Curley's wife is murdered. The Boss - a 'mice fella' (in Candy's words). He is more concerned about his work on the ranch than anyone else. CONFLICT Protagonist: The protagonist of the story is George. He is the kind-hearted ranch hand who is concerned about his friend Lennie and watches out for him. Antagonist: The antagonist of the story is George's trying to care for the handicapped Lennie. Because he has a giant's body and a child's mind, Lennie accidentally kills Curley's wife; at the same time he kills the dream of owning a farm that has kept George and Lennie positive about the future Climax: The climax occurs when Lennie accidentally kills Curley's wife. George knows that he can no longer save Lennie, for Curley will want revenge. Outcome: Of Mice and Men ends in tragedy. George feels compelled to mercifully kill his friend and companion, Lennie, in order to save him from a brutal death. The death of Lennie also marks the death of the beautiful dream they have been nurturing. MOOD The dominant mood of the story is that of expectation. This mood is developed through the dreams of the major characters. The other mood that prevails is premonitory, of impending doom. There are also other moods evoked through the actions of the characters reflecting sorrow, pity, and brutality. The novel ends on a tragic note. The mood at the end is definitely one of depression and frustration. PLOT (Synopsis) One evening, two men, on their way to a ranch, stop at a stream near the Salinas River. George, who is short and dark, leads the way. The person following him is Lennie, a giant of a man with huge arms. During their conversation by the stream, George repeatedly asks Lennie to keep his mouth shut on the ranch, suggesting that Lennie has some kind of problem. After supper and before going to sleep, the two of them talk about their dream to own a piece of land. The next day, George and Lennie travel to the ranch to start work. They are given two beds in the bunkhouse. Then Old Candy introduces them to almost everybody on the ranch. They meet the boss and the boss's son Curley, who is quite rude. They also meet Curley's wife when she comes looking for her husband. She wears heavy make-up and possesses a flirtatious attitude. George warns Lennie to behave his best around Curley and his wife. He also suggests that they should meet by the pool if anything unfortunate happens to either

buy custom Strategies to Prevent Identity Theft essay

buy custom Strategies to Prevent Identity Theft essay The purpose of this research paper is to identify strategies to prevent identity theft. In developing this research paper the three primary areas will be address ethics and how it relates to identity theft, various measures to prevent identity theft and what one might do if they are victim of identity theft. Legal procedures are not always the ultimate solution to addressing identity theft; it is personal responsibility for each and every individual to keep track of his/her accounts and subscriptions. Identity theft can be prevented without the necessity of incurring loss or spending money to ensure that. Relation of Ethics to Identity Theft Being ethical is the orderly manner in which the norms of specific areas in ones day-to-day life observe a certain code of conduct. This conduct may include, being discrete about the activities that one conducts or the activities conducted by others around an individual. The question of identity theft affects a vast majority of victims. For example, there are incidents where people mastermind their own identity theft to solicit insurance companies; bank employees get information of clients and use it to transfer funds to their accounts or accounts disguised as other peoples; illegal immigrants assume the identities of deceased citizens to assume citizenship and health benefits; hackers involve themselves in phishing to get credit card information of unknowing individuals. The ethical implications of these activities show that there is an orderly manner in which people are misconducting themselves according to the norms of the society. Strategies to Prevent Identity Theft 1. Personal Level An individual has the responsibility to ensure that his/her identity remains a secret and that other people are not up-to-date with where and what information the individual keeps to him/herself. To assume full responsibility, an individual is required to undertake the following strategies to ensure he/she is free of identity theft. Protection of Social Security Number: Social security number is one of the easy targets of identity thieves and is one among many other areas that require maximum protection. In the event where an individual lives with others, may be family members or roommates. The potential stealing identities can be vested in anyone and thus the reason, friends and family members should not be trusted to access the social security numbers. Besides the people one may be living with the fact that many people carry around their cards, the chance of losing it or having it stolen from them is increased. To minimize the risk of having the social security number used by either a friend or a family member, one should ensure that it is kept in places that none of the rest of people know. To prevent it from being stolen or losing it, one should only carry it with him/her only when he is going to use it. For the individuals who use the social security number many times due to the nature of their operations, resulting to carry funds in inn physical change is a better idea. (Arata, 2004) Proper Disposal of Documents: Once done with bank statements and any other information pertaining to bank, one should observe that he/she disposes the documents properly. The only legitimate and proper way to do this is by shredding if disposal must be done. To properly dispose the statements and documents, one is required to shred the paper one properly and make sure that the she sredded documents cannot be restructured. To make sure that this window of chance is sealed properly, one should then burn the shredded pieces. By so doing, whatever, an identity thief would have salvaged is gone. Protection from Phishing Scams: Legitimacy of doing business is in the way parties communicate. Contracts can be renewed with proper channeling of information through specific means and by the right personnel. Hackers are fond of using emails in posing to be legitimate company representatives. In efforts to get information about an individual, they would send emails to clients of certain companies disbursing claims that they work for those companies and they would require pieces of information to rectify or process something. Individuals are required to not ignore these emails completely for there is a chance the claims could be legitimate. But it is unadvised for anyone to respond to mails by filling their personal information and sending. The company, may it be a bank, an insurance company of a social institution would always have hotline where they can be reached on. The individual should make a call and verify if the claims were genuine. In following this procedure, one is able t o prevent identity theft without the occurrence of loss. (Collins, 2005) Regular Checking of Credit Report: The sooner an individual is able to detect signs of identity theft, the sooner that individual can stop the effect of it. To do this one should embark on checking his/her credit report regularly. By checking regularly, one would be able to track down his/her credit bank account activities. The activities that do not coincide with the ones the user is aware of are a clear indication that malicious activity of identity theft is underway. Upon discovering this, or suspecting this, one should not assume may be, he/she forgot something, it is their duty to report the activities to the authority or to the credit card companies. By reporting, the account number can be changed so that he information an assailant has will it be relevant anymore. Purchase of Identity Theft Insurance: The event of having ones identity stolen can be damaging to their social and financial status. To secure the future of ones financial status, it is advisable that one buys him/herself insurance cover for identity theft. Despite all the measures that one would assume to make sure that he is not a victim of identity theft, it is still important exercise caution with all means possible. So at the event of identity theft, one would be in a position to be compensated and the matter investigated o their behalf by the insuring company. 2. Company and Business Level Identity theft basics should be followed by businesses to ensure that their identities and those of their clients are not stolen. Information systems should be under very close monitoring in that no one should have access to those systems. The following precautions should be observed to prevent identity theft. Securing Business Premises: In businesses, records could be kept all over either in form of paper work or in form of virtual data and in either case identity theft befall the business. The nature of businesses has the potential to attract thieves and identity offenders. The premises of any business should be installed with locks and alarm systems that can alert the authority incase any form of break in occurs. Securing Business Records:the information that is found on business records bears thee personal information of a client and the business. Abusiness should have proper security for its records in order to prevent the access of these records. The records can be protected by being locked in security vaults or having secured databases that would deter access to unauthorized personnel. Shredding of Business Records: Business records should be shredded before they are disposed. This isbecause there is a possibility that the documents may land to the wrong hands. By shredding, most of the data that can attract attention of a thief would be distorted. Caution on Phone: There are possibilities that an individual can assume the identity of another and make claims of their behalf. To prevent this, it is important for business personnel to ask the questions and answer them. On phone one could be asked to give the personal information of another; ethically, it is not the duty of a business personnel to do that. He/she should enquire why the information is wanted and then if possible connect the caller with the client so that the claim can be verified ethically. Limited Computer Access: The computer can store large amounts of data and it is one of the tools of storage identity thieves would depend on to get personal information of individuals and businesses. Computers that are on a network pose a greater threat to security of personal information. To prevent the chance of any unauthorized personnel accessing personal information, computers should be protected with passwords. Those computers that belong on a networkshould be administered by network administrators to ensure that all windows of error are sealed and that access to information is only granted to genuine and specified network computers. What to do if you fall victim of Identity theft Anyone can fall victim of identity theft but all in all life will have to continue. In order to continue with life one should use the experience of the identity theft to seal off the lose ends. At the event where unusual activities are suspected, it is the duty of the individual to alert the companies and institutions that deal with that area to ensure further malicious activity is taken prevented from happening. Conclusion To prevent identity theft, there are two levels of protecting the occurrence and they are personal level and business level. At the personal level one should ensure that all his/her personal information is kept secure and not disclosed to anyone posing to be from an institution he/she has business with. Upon the discovery of malicious activities with credit card, one should seek intervention of authorities and/or the credit card companies. These activities are best tracked if credit reports are checked regularly. On the other hand, businesses have the responsibility of keeping safe clients information. To do this they are required to ensure the safety of their premises by installing locks and alarms systems. Computers should be protected with passwords and those that are connected to networks should have network administrators keeping track of activities and installing proper firewalls. In the disposal of documents, none should be disposed wholly, they should be shredded and if need be should be burned. If one fall victimof identity theft, he/she should use that experience to be careful in all means possible. Upon discovery of unusual credit card activity, one should report the matter as soon as possible in order to stop further effects of the identity theft. Buy custom Strategies to Prevent Identity Theft essay

Smoking Tobacco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Smoking Tobacco - Essay Example In view of distributed data from 2005, more than 14 percent of the mature person populace in the UAE utilizes tobacco. The majority of the smokers are guys. Generally, smoking is basic around junior mature people. Something like 25 percent of scrutinized understudies was accounted for to have attempted tobacco, before the age of 10. Rolling a cigarette in the UAE is not famous and it is for the most part specialists who are said to move smoke. To be sure, the country has a long history of channel smoking. Two sorts of channels are mainstream in United Arab Emirates- the little and the enormous channel known as medwakh and shisha, separately. The recent is not generally utilized at home yet is rather utilized at bistros and restaurants for entertainment. Simply recently, purchasers have been in a position to request shisha to use at home, despite the fact that this has not been the accepted way of utilizing it. Smoking shisha has been prevalent and individuals dont see it as smoking, the motivation behind why it is adequate socially actually for ladies to utilize it though smoking cigarettes is taken as not a good fit for ladies. In view of a study completed in 2005 of utilization of tobacco around college people in UAE, 9.4 percent of the learners smoked smokes and 5.6 percent utilized a water pipe. Regardless of the fact that ladies made up 8.9 percent of smoke smokers, they embodied 26.2 of the individuals who smoked water pipe. The key players for smoking tobacco have been Kamberjaffer with 23 percent took after by AFCO and Royal Theodorus with 28 and 11 percent individually. Premium-esteemed smoke represent majority of the volume of cigarette sales in the state and cigarettes are expanding quicker than the easier quality cigarillos in the nation. The opposition is not on the cost yet the nature of the item every admin attempts to make his or her items to emerge and have a quality equivalent to the cost. Quality occurred in light of

What is Sodium Potassium Pump Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is Sodium Potassium Pump - Coursework Example In doing this, the enzyme performs fundamental functions that help maintain the life of the cell. The functions include regulating cellular volume by permitting the flow of both potassium and sodium in and out of the cell. The enzyme also maintains the resting potential of the cell and the transportation within the cells. Sodium-potassium pump regulates the cell volume through by pumping sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. The failure of such a vital function would cause swellings of the cells. By enhancing the flow of the two minerals in an out of the cell, the enzyme helps maintain the cells osmolarity, which is the totality of the concentration of organic compounds, proteins and ion species in the cell (Mary 33). Additionally, by pumping sodium out of the cells, the enzymes provide adequate force for other membrane transport proteins. This helps in the transportation of amino acids, glucose and other nutrients into the cells. In doing this, the transport proteins exploit the sodium gradient created by the sodium-potassium

What impact does migration have on European politics Essay

What impact does migration have on European politics - Essay Example People have migrated to Europe because of the numerous opportunities that are in Europe as compared to other parts of the world. One of the reasons why migration has been common in Europe is because of many job opportunities that are there. Education prospects have also contributed to this migration (Castles 2006, p.745). People have also moved to Europe in order to run away from war and conflict situations in their home countries. There is a common perception that Europe is more peaceful than other continents. The improvement of the economic policy of Europe has also contributed to the movement of people to European cities. More than 32.5 million people within the European Union (EU) are non-citizens (Cesarani and Fulbrook 1996, p.63). The political participation is debatable along context of awards for voting rights within the European countries. This is due to the changes that have resulted in changes of European societies. The political system in Europe allows the flexibility in exercise of political rights, laws and regulations. As a result, the migrants can be incorporated into the translational forms of political participation like the lector politics and other civic engagements (Geddes 1999, p. 12). Effects of migration on European politics Recently, the interest in migrant political transnationalism has increased. Precisely political participation of the immigrants encompasses distribution of resources between members of a political community and acts as an instrument for obtaining other goods and resources. The political participation of immigrants was more than just the need for resources, but acted as a goal of conventional democracy towards seeking the influence from other parties (Geddes 2003, p.251). Migration in Europe triggered the immigrant to participate in parliamentary and advisory committees. The migrant self-society and civil society institutions facilitated political participation of the immigrants. Such initiatives include religious gro ups, non-governmental organizations and political initiatives. This gave a chance for immigrants to participate in various political dimensions based on the diversity and country they migrated to. More than 32.5 million people within the European Union (EU) are non-citizens. Political and civic participation of immigrants is a key area on the integration of migrants into the European societies. This is accompanied by practices and measures that enhance participation and empowerment of immigrants to enables them exercise their duties and rights in the promotion of values and accountability. This may be constrained by human and social factors due insufficient resources such as finance and time (Cesarani and Fulbrook 1996, p.63). The immigrants participated in procedures and structures of the political systems in Europe. This includes voting, joining a political party of choice, standing for an office or participating in petitioning bodies and political demonstrations. This raises conc erns on societal and political relevance in relation to national development. A decision to migrate begins with the decision by the immigrant to move. Immigration to Europe resulted from the need to escape oppression, natural disasters and poverty by people from developing countries. Some of the countries within the European regions experienced dramatic growths due to immigration after the Second World War (Freeman 1995, p.887). Most of the nations in Europe still contain significant populations of immigrants. In most contexts, immigrants have expressed the interest of participating in parliamentary systems for the countries at hand. This is confirmed by the increased number of civil societies. The situation of modern Diaspora and transfer of political issues in

Hemoglobin Malaria Haemoglobinopathies

Hemoglobin Malaria Haemoglobinopathies Despite major advances in the understanding of the molecular pathophysiology and control and management of the inherited disorders of hemoglobin (haemoglobinopathies), thousands of infants and children with this disease are dying. As a result in heterozygote advantage against malaria the inherited hemoglobin disorders are the commonest monogenic disease. Population migrations have ensured that haemoglobinopathies are now encountered in most countries including the UK. Haemoglobinopathies have spread from areas in the Mediterranean, Africa and Asia and are now endemic throughout Europe, the Americas and Australia. This review examines the available literature to find out more about the prevalence of haemoglobinopathies in the UK. The data on the demographics and prevalence of the gene variants of haemoglobinopathies was extracted from books, journals, reference sources, online databases and published review articles from the WHO. Introduction It has been estimated that approximately 7% of the world population are carriers of such disorders and that 3000 000 4000 000 babies with severe forms of haemoglobinopathies. Haemoglobinopathy disorders occur at their highest frequency in tropical regions and population migrations have ensured that they are now encountered in most countries. Because of this, haemoglobinopathies have become a global endemic, so the World Health Organization published journals and reviews with recommendations on screening programmes and management of haemoglobinopathies. The programmes are tailored to specific socioeconomic and cultural contexts and aimed at reducing the incidence, morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases. www.who.int/en/ The WHO Executive Board wrote a review on haemoglobinopathies. In this article, the WHO Executive Board recognized that the prevalence of haemoglobinopathies varies between communities, and that insufficiency of relevant epidemiological data may hamper effective and equitable management of haemoglobinopathies. On this note England implemented the LIVE programmes. The Executive Board also recognizes that haemoglobinopathies are not yet officially recognized as priorities in Public Health Sector. This raised an issue about awareness of haemoglobinopathies. The WHO Executive Boards advice for prevention and management of haemoglobinopathies was to design, implement and reinforce in a systematic equitable and effective manner, comprehensive national, integrated programs for prevention and management of haemoglobinopathies, including surveillance, dissemination, such programs being tailored to specific socioeconomic and cultural contexts and aimed at reducing the incidence, morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases. www.who.int/en/ With immigration in the UK on its highest, the prevalence of haemoglobinopathies is expected to increase. The NHS has implemented programmes for individuals with haemoglobinopathies by implementation of LIVE program (NHS Plan, 2000). LIVE program is set-up to implement variant screening in the whole of UK by the year 2007. LIVE program started as early as January 2004 in high prevalence. The NHS Trusts involved are to offer variant screening by end of 2004/5 (NHS Plan, 2000). Low prevalence Trust are expected to have implemented the screening program by January 2008 and so far 86 out of 90 Trusts have successfully implemented the program. Antenatal and Newborn Screening programs have compiled a training pack to assist Low Prevalence Trusts with the implementation of haemoglobinopathies screening programmes. The NHS Plan (2000) made a commitment to implement effective and appropriate screening programs for women and children including a new national linked Antenatal and Newborn screen ing programs for haemoglobinopathies. The NHS Plan (2000) recommends that all pregnant women living in high prevalence areas are offered screening for haemoglobinopathies. All pregnant women living in low prevalence areas are offered screening for haemoglobinopathies. If a woman is identified as being at increased risk using the family origin questionnaire, she will then be offered screening for haemoglobinopathies (NHS Plan, 2000). The Low Prevalence Trust is where the fetal prevalence of sickle cell disease is less than 1.5 per 10 000 pregnancies. Low prevalence trusts are to offer screening for variants based on an assessment of risk determine by a question to women about their babys fathers family origin by the end of 2005/6 (NHS Plan, 2000). Background on Haemoglobinopathies Haemoglobin: is the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and it is also a protein. Haem is iron containing pigment, while globin is made up of chains which are a globular tetrameric protein which accounts for 97.4% of the mass of the haemoglobin molecule (Tortora et.al., 2006) . The globin tetramer consists of four polypeptides which are two alpha (ÃŽ ±) chains and two non-alpha chains. The synthesis of ÃŽ ¶ and ÃŽ µ chains is done during the first 10 to 12 weeks of fetal life. Within the fourth to the fifth week of intrauterine life ÃŽ ± and ÃŽ ² chains are synthesized. The non-alpha is beta (ÃŽ ²), gamma (ÃŽ ³), delta (ÃŽ ´), epsilon (ÃŽ µ) zeta (ÃŽ ¶) chains. Haemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body and it gives blood its red colour (Fleming, 1982) Haemoglobin synthesis Haem and globin synthesis occur separately but in a carefully coordinated fashion. Globin synthesis is under the genetic control of eight functional genes arranged in two clusters, the ÃŽ ± globin gene cluster on chromosome 16 and the ÃŽ ² globin gene cluster on chromosome 11. The major haemoglobin in the foetus is HbF (ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ²) 2 and in adults HbA (ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ²) 2 (Fleming, 1982). Haemoglobin Structure The primary structure of haemoglobin is made-up of amino acid sequence of globin. And the secondary structure comprise of nine non-helical sections joined by eight helices; tertiary structure describes globin chain folding to form a sphere and the quaternary structure of haemoglobin describes the tetrahedral arrangements of the four globin subunits ( Fleming, 1982). The external surface of each folded globin is hydrophilic and the inner surface is hydrophobic, this protects the haem from oxidation, which is also why each haem chain sits in a protective hydrophobic pocket. In haemoglobin A, ÃŽ ± ÃŽ ² dimmers are held together strongly at the ÃŽ ±1 ÃŽ ²1 or ÃŽ ±2ÃŽ ²2 junction. The tetramer is held together much less tightly at the ÃŽ ±1 ÃŽ ²2 and ÃŽ ±2 ÃŽ ²1 contact areas (Fleming, 1982). Haemoglobin function Each haemoglobin molecule can carry four oxygen molecules. Oxygenation and deoxygenation are accompanied by molecular expansion and contraction via haem haem interaction (Bienz, 2007). Under physiological conditions, blood in the aorta carries about 19.5ml of oxygen per 100ml of blood. Upon entering the tissues about 4.5ml of oxygen are donated per 100ml of blood. 2,3-DPG is an important modulator of haemoglobin A oxygen affinity in red cells (Fleming, 1982). Haemoglobin disorder (haemoglobinopathies) Haemoglobinopathies is a hematological disorder due to alteration of a genetically defect, that results in abnormal structure of one of the globin chains of the haemoglobin molecule (Bienz, 2007). Haemoglobinopathies are any of a group of diseases characterized by abnormalities, both quantitative and qualitative in the synthesis of haemoglobin (Hb) (Bienz, 2007). Qualitative affecting the quality of haemoglobin e.g. Sickle cell disorder and quantitative affecting the amount of haemoglobin produced e.g. Thalassaemias. Most of them are genetically inherited but occasionally they can be caused by a spontaneous mutation. Haemoglobinopathies are the worlds most common monogenic autonomic and recessive disease in humans (Anionwu et.al., 2001). 2.1Haemoglobinopathies fall into two main types; There are two categories of haemoglobinopathies. The two categories are: qualitative and quantitative; Qualitative affecting the quality of the haemoglobin e.g. Sickle cell disorder. In this disease the globin structure is abnormal. Quantitative the haemoglobin structure is normal but the amount of haemoglobin produced is affected. e.g. alpha and beta thalassaemias (Bienz, 2007). History of haemoglobinopathies In 1910 Herrick wrote an article in it he used the term â€Å"sickle† to describe the shape of the red blood cells of a 20 year old medical student from Grenada. This student had consulted Dr Herrick in 1994 complaining of a cough, fever and Feeling weak and dizzy. He constantly had anaemia episodes, jaundice, chest complications as well as recurring leg ulcers on both ankles. When his blood was examined, his red blood cells showed a large number of thin, elongated, sickle shaped and crescent- shaped forms (Herrick, 1990). The name thalassaemia was coined by the eminent haematologist George Whipple in 1936 as an alternative to the eponymous ‘Cooleys anaemia. He wanted a name that would convey the sense of an anaemia which is prevalent in the region of the Mediterranean Sea, since most of the early cases originated there. Thalassaemia is derived by contraction of thalassic anaemia (from the Greek thalassa -sea, an none and anemia blood) (Fleming,1982). Origins and Geographic distribution of haemoglobinopathies Carriers are found in all parts of the world: people from the North Mediterranean (South Europe) coast are 1-19% carriers. People of Arab origin are over 3% carriers. In Central Asia 4-10% and in South East Asia, the Indian subcontinent and China 1-40% carriers (the very high rates in this part of the world are due to HbE). In the Americas, North Europe, Australia and South Africa the local population has very low carrier rates but thalassaemia is still present because of the significant immigration from high prevalence area (Anionwu et.al.; 2001). Sickle cell and thalassaemia disorder mainly affect individual who are descended from families where one or more members originated from parts of the world where falciparum malaria was, or is still endemic. Population with such ancestry include those from many parts of Africa, the Caribbean the Mediterranean (including southern Italy, Northern Greece and Southern Turkey), Southeast Asia and thalassaemia gene is much wider now due to the hi storical movements of at-risk populations to North and South America, the Caribbean and Western Europe (Livingstone 1985). The geographic distribution of the thalassaemias overlaps with that of sickles cell disease. This is because carriage of these abnormal genes affords some protection against malaria. Thus, being heterozygous for one of these conditions offers a selective survival advantage and increases the opportunity for these genes to be passed on (Campbell et.al.,2004) 4Types and terminology of sickle cell and thalassaemia There are various types of sickle cell and thalassaemia disorders. The thalassaemia syndromes include alpha and beta thalassaemia major as well as beta thalassaemia intermedia. Sickle cell disorders (or Fickle cell disease include sickle cell anaemia (Hb SS), Sickle haemoglobin C disease (Hb SC) ÃŽ ² disease and E beta thalassaemia (www.sickle-thalassaemia.org/sickle.cel.htm) 4.1Sickle Cell Disorder: affects the normal oxygen carrying capacity of the red blood cells. The red blood cell forms a crescent or a sickled shape when it is deoxygenated. The ‘sickled cells are unable to pass freely through capillaries; the sickle cells also get stuck in blood vessels forming clusters which block the blood vessels and the blood flow. They dont last as long as normal, round red blood cells, which leads to anemia. This results in a lack of oxygen to the tissues in the affected area, resulting in hypoxia and pain (sickle cell crisis). Other symptoms include severe anaemia, damage to major organs and infection (NHS Antenatal and Newborn; 2006). There are several types of Sickle cell disease. The most common are: sickle cell anemia (SS), sickle hemoglobin C disease (SC), sickle beta plus thalassaemia and sickle beta zero thalassaemia. Each of these can cause pain episodes and complications. HbSS sickle is due to two sickle cell genes (â€Å"S†), one from each parent. This is commonly called sickle cell anemia. An individual with sickles cell anemia have a variation in the ÃŽ ²-chain gene, which then causes a change in the properties of hemoglobin which results in sickling of red blood cells (www.sickle-thalassaemia.org/sickle.cel.htm) HbSc inherited one sickle cell gene and one gene from an abnormal type of haemoglobin called â€Å"C†. It is due to the variation in the ÃŽ ²-chain gene. An individual with this variant suffers from mild chronic haemolytic anaemia. (NHS Antenatal and Newborn; 2006). HbS beta thalassaeamia: This form of sickle is due to inherited one sickle cell gene and one gene for beta. 4.2Thalassaemias: is a term used for the description of a globin gene disorders that results from a diminished rate of synthesis of one or more globin chains and a consequently reduced rate of synthesis of the haemoglobin or haemoglobins of which that chain constitutes a part ; ÃŽ ± thalassaemia indicates a reduced rate of synthesis of the ÃŽ ± globin chain, similarly, ÃŽ ², ÃŽ ´, ÃŽ ´ ÃŽ ² and ÃŽ µ ÃŽ ³ ÃŽ ´ ÃŽ ² thalassaemia indicate a reduced rate of synthesis of the h, ÃŽ ´, ÃŽ ´, +ÃŽ ² and ÃŽ µ + ÃŽ ³ + ÃŽ ´ + ÃŽ ² chains, respectively (Modell et.al, 2001). Thalassaemia is the most common single gene disorder known. It is autosomal recessive syndromes, which is divided into ÃŽ ±- and ÃŽ ² thalassaemia. Types of thalassaemia There are two types of thalassaemia: (i)Thalassaemia minor (thalassaemia trait) (ii)Thalassaemia major Thalassaemia minor is when a person inherits one thalassaemia gene, while thalassaemia major is a severe form of anaemia if a person inherits two thalassaemia genes, one from each parent (Bienz, 2007). Subtypes of thalassaemia Alpha (ÃŽ ±) thalassaemia results from inadequate production of ÃŽ ± chains, which are normally controlled by two pairs of chromosomes. If one or two are malfunctioning, then there is a healthy carrier state. If three are non- functional then anaemia results, known as HbH Disease, which can be quite severe but usually does not need blood transfusions and is compatible with a normal life span (Anionwu et al, 2001). If all four genes are non functional then the result is severe anaemia of the unborn child, leading to heart failure and death (miscarriage). This condition is known as hydrops felalis (Fleming, 1982). Beta (ÃŽ ²) Thalassaemia is caused by the bodys inability to produce normal haemoglobin, leading to a life threatening anaemia (Bienz, 2007). The severity of illness depends on whether one or both genes are affected and the nature of the abnormality. If both genes are affected, anemia can range from moderate to severe. Beta thalassaemia results from inadequate or lack of production of ÃŽ ² chains (Anionwu et.a.l, 2001). Homozygous, ÃŽ ² thalassaemia has two forms: major, in which the patient can survive only with regular transfusions of blood and intermedia in which the patient can survive with occasional or even with no transfusions at all. The condition requires frequent blood transfusions and treatment to prevent complications from iron overload, such as diabetes and other endocrine disorders (Anionwu et.a.l, 2001). Both of these conditions can restrict a child or adults ability to conduct their normal daily activities and can have profound psychological affects on individuals a nd their families This form of thalassaemia is the most important and constitutes a major public health problem in many parts of the world, because of the high frequency of carriers and the demanding treatment that must be followed (Fleming, 1985). Association of Haemoglobinopathies with Malaria Malariais a vector borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites. It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of the Americans, Mediterranean, Asia and Africa. It causes diseases in approximately 515 million people and kills between one and three million people, the majority of whom are young children. Malaria parasites are transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. The parasites multiply within red blood cells, causing symptoms that include symptoms of anemia (Campbell et al, 2004). Sickle cell developed as a by product of human defense mechanisms against malaria. The most severe form of malaria, falciparum malaria, leads to very high death rate in young infants. This is particularly a problem between the time immediately after birth, when they are protected by immunity from the mother, and the time when they are old enough to acquire their own immunity. Malaria is a parasite which lives within the red blood cells and feeds off the protein that is contained within those red cells, haemoglobin (Campbell et al, 2004). When the malarial parasite enters the blood stream through a mosquito bite, it penetrates the red blood cells by attaching to the outside membrane or envelope of the red blood cell and gaining entry (Franklin, 1990). Once in the red blood cell, the malarial parasites use the haemoglobin as a source of energy, so that they multiply within the red cells. The parasites multiple filling-up the red blood cells and once they are filled-up the red cells bur st, thereby releasing the multiple parasites in the blood. Each new young parasite enters a single cell again and multiplies again, thereby causing a disease or infection. Whenever the parasites burst out of the cells they cause illness and fever in patients. Malaria can be severe by causing death; death is believed to be caused by red cells not being able to pass through the narrow gaps in the smallest blood vessels and by blockage of tissues when so many parasites are in the red blood cell (Campbell et al, 2004). Over the years human genes developed ways to prevent malaria becoming serious and potentially lethal, the developments were to prevent malarial parasites from spreading and multiplying (Tortora et.al,2006). The most changes were changes (mutation) in the type of haemoglobin (haemoglobin S) within the red blood cell which would in turn slow down the multiplying of the parasite (Campbell et al, 2004). The individuals with haemoglobin S are known to have a sickle cell trait or being carriers of sickle cell haemoglobin. When sickle-cell haemoglobin has given up its oxygen in the cells, the red cells stick together to form crystalline groupings of haemoglobin known as polymers. The red blood cells become deformed into sickle shapes and the presence of these crystalline polymers within the red cells inhibits the growth of the malarial parasite (Beinz, 2007). Even though individuals with haemoglobin S stills suffer from malaria, they are protected from the most severe effects of malaria (Li vingstone, 1985). Diagnosis Diagnosis for sickle cell disease The most used diagnose test for sickle cell is the haemoglobin electrophoresis. HbS and HbC amino acid substitutions change the electrical charge of the protein, the migration pattern of the haemoglobin with electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing results in diagnostic patterns with each of the different haemoglobin variants. HbSBeta-thal requires careful evaluation of red blood cell count and mean corpuscular red cell volume (MCV) and specifically quantifying HbA, S, A2 and F. In emergency setting, the presence of HbS is detected using a five minute solubility test called sickledex. Sickledex test does not differentiate sickle syndromes from the benign carrier state (HbAS or a sickle trait (NHS Antenatal and Newborn; 2006). Diagnosis for thalassaemias When testing for thalassaemias, a blood test is the simplest and most effective test for diagnosis and also the use of a test called Haemoglobin Electrophoresis. The blood of individuals with thalassaemias tend to be microcytic (smaller in size) and hypochromic (paler in colour) (NHS Antenatal and Newborn; 2006). 7 Pathophysiology 7.1Sickle-cell Sickle-cell anemia is caused by changes (mutation) in the structure of the ÃŽ ² -globin chain of the haemoglobin replacing the amino acid glutamic acid with the less polar amino acid valine at the sixth position of the ÃŽ ² chain. When two wild type ÃŽ ±-globin subunits associate with two mutant ÃŽ ²-globin subunits forms hemoglobin S. Haemoglobin S polymerizes under low oxygen conditions, which causes distortion of red blood cells and also causes red blood cells to lose their elasticity, resulting in red blood cells forming an irreversible sickle shape (Fleming,1982). Very often a cycle occurs, as the cells sickle they cause a region of low oxygen concentration which causes more red blood cells to sickle. Repeated occurrence of sickling causes cells to not return to normal even when oxygen levels are normal. The deformation of cells makes it difficult for the cells to pass through capillaries resulting in vessel occlusion, severe anemia, ischemia and other problems (Beinz, 2007). 7.2Thalassaemias The pathophysiologic effects of the thalassaemias range from mild microcytosis to death in uterus. The anaemia manifestation of thalassaemia is microcytic hypochromic haemolytic anaemia (Belcher, 1993). The haemoglobin abnormality is caused by substitution of a single amino acid for another; or substitution of two amino acids, also amino acid deletion or fusion (point of mutation) and the synthesis of elongated chains. In alpha trait, one of the genes that form the alpha chain is defective (Beinz, 2007). In alpha-thalassaemia minor, two genes are defective and in haemoglobin H disorder, three genes are defective. Alpha-thalassaemia major is most fatal thalassaemia disorder; this is because four of the chains forming genes are defective. Without alpha chains, oxygen cannot be released to the tissues (Belcher, 1993). In beta-thalassaemia haemoglobin abnormality is due to the uncoupling of alpha and beta-chain synthesis. This causes a depression in beta-chain synthesis, resulting in er ythrocytes with a reduced amount of haemoglobin and accumulation of free alpha chains, which are unstable and easily precipitate the in cell (Bienz, 2007). 8.Causes Genetic control of haemoglobin synthesis The synthesis of structurally normal haemoglobin chains is determined by allelic genes situated on the autosomal chromosome (Beniz, 2007). Haemoglobinopathies occur due to an inheritance of one or more faulty copy of gene(s) that contain the information for the cells to make the globin chains. The gene may result in abnormality in the production or structure of the haemoglobin protein causing haemoglobinopathies (Franklin, 1990). Thalassaemia is an inherited autosomal recessive blood disorder. Genetic defects in Thalassaemia results in reduced synthesis of one of the globin chains which make up haemoglobin. Reduced synthesis of one of the globin chains causes the formation of abnormal haemoglobin molecules, which in turn causes anaemia. Anaemia is a symptom of the Thalassaemias. It is caused by under production of globin proteins, often through mutations in regulatory genes (Franklin, 1990). Inheritance of Haemoglobin Disorder Due to haemoglobin mutation, individuals who had haemoglobin trait had a resistance to dying from malaria, therefore passed on their haemoglobin trait gene to their children (Campbell et.al,2004). As time went on more individuals with the trait were born and eventually individuals who had haemoglobin trait had children together (Franklin, 1990). In that satiation (partnership), if both parents carry the trait gene, there is a one in four chance that any one child will receive the haemoglobin trait gene from one parent and also from the other, thereby having a haemoglobin disorder(Franklin, 1990) . Clinical Manifestations 9.1Thalassaemias clinical manifestations Individuals who inherited the alpha trait are usually asymptomatic, with possible mild microctyosis. Alpha- thalassaemia minor has signs and symptoms almost identical to those of beta-thalassaemia; mild microcytic hypochronic anemia, enlargement of the liver and spleen, and bone marrow hyperplasia (Belcher, 1993). Alpha- thalassaemia major cause hydrops fetalis and fulminana intrauterine congestive heart and liver, edema and massive ascites. The disorder usually is diagnosed post mortem (Bienz, 2007). Beta-thalassaemia minor causes mild to moderate microcytic-hypochronic anemia, mild splenomegaly, bronze coloring of the skin, and hyperplasia of the bone marrow. Skeletal changes depend on the degree of reticulocytosis, which in turn depends on the severity of the anaemia (Bienz, 2007). People who have beta-thalassaemia minor usually are asymptomatic, whereas those with beta- thalassaemia major the anemia is severe, resulting in a great cardiovascular burden, with high output congestive heart failure (Belcher, 1993). Blood transfusions can increase the persons life span by a decade or two. Individuals with beta-thalassaemia major have an enlarged liver and spleen, and growth and maturation are retarded (Belcher, 1993). A characteristic deformity develops on the face as the bones expand to accommodate hyperplastic marrow (Belcher, 1993). Both and beta thalassaemias major are life threatening. Children with thalassaemia major usually are week, fail to thrive, how poor development and experience cardiovascular compromise with high-output failure; if the condition goes untreated, these children die by 6 years of age (Modell et.al., 2001) Blood transfusions can return haemoglobin and hematocrit to normal levels, alleviating the anaemia induced cardiac failure. Iron overload and hemochromatosis, which are complications of transfusion therapy, are treated with chelating agents (Bienz, 2007). . 9.2.Sickle-cell clinical manifestations The severity of sickle cell disorder depends on the amount of haemoglobin S and the clinical manifestations, which are signs and symptoms of the individuals with sickle-cell (Belcher, 1993) . Manifestations of the sickling are those of hemolytic anemia; pallor, jaundice, fatigue and irritability. Extensive sickling can precipitate four types of crises: vaso-occlusive or thrombotic crises and a plastic crisis (Belcher, 1993). A vaso-occlusive crises begins with red blood cells sickling in the microcirculation. Vasospasm brings a log-jam effect causing blood flow to stop flowing in the vessels and this will lead to thrombosis (blood clot formation) and infarction of local tissue occur, resulting in ischemia, pain and organ damage (Modell et.al.,2001). Vaso-occlusive crisis is believed to be extremely painful and lasts an average of 4 to 6 days. This crisis may develop spontaneously or may be precipitated by localized hypoxemia (low PO2) exposure to cold, dehydration, acidosis (low pH), or infection. In infancy, sickle-cells first manifestation is the symmetric painful swelling of the hands (see Fig 3) and feet, but in older children and adults, the large joints and surrounding tissues become swollen and painful. Individuals with the sickle-cell disorder suffer from severe abdominal pain caused by infarction in abdominal structures (Belcher, 1993). Any cerebral vascular accidents may cause paralysis or othe r central nervous system deficits, and if penile veins are obstructed priapism may occur. Studies have shown that bone, especially weight- bearing bones, are also a common target of vaso-occlusive damage, this is due to bone ischemia (Bienz, 2007). The spleen of individuals with sickle-cell disorder is frequently affected due to its narrow vessels, functions in clearing defective red blood cells and this results in a sequestration crisis (Belcher,1993). A sequestration crises, is occurrence of large amounts of blood pool in the liver and spleen. It only occurs in young children and death results from cardiovascular collapse (NHS Antenatal and Newborn,2006). An aplastic crisis develops when a compensatory increase in erythropoiesis is compromised; this then results in profound anemia (Belcher,1993). A hyperhemolytic crisis is rare but may occur with certain drugs or infections. G-6-PD deficiency, when also present, contributes to this type of crisis (Belcher,1993). Clinical manifestations of sickle cell disease do not usually appear until an infant is at least 6 months old. The most cause of death in individuals with sickle-cell anemia is infections, but it is major problem at all ages. Infections are due to splenic dysfunction from sickle damage (Belcher,1993). This occurs from a few months of age especially with certain bacteria e.g. pneumococcal sepsis. Infection tends to rapidly overwhelm the immune system (NHS Antenatal and Newborn,2006) . Sickle-cell haemoglobin C is known to be milder, with symptoms related to vaso-occlusive crises resulting from higher hematocrit and blood viscosity. Obstructive crises cause sickle cell retinopathy is most common in older children, and this include renal necrosis, and aseptic necrosis of the femoral head (Belcher, 1993). The mildest of sickle-cell is the sickle-cell thalassaemia the individuals with this form of sickle-cell tend to be microcytic and hypochromic, which makes the cells less likely to clog the microcirculation even when sickling (Belcher, 1993). Severe hypoxia can be seen in individuals with the sickle cell trait and may cause vaso-occlusive episodes. The cells in these people form an ivy shape (Belcher, 1993). Recent studies have shown that stroke is co-exiting with Sickle cell disease. At least 1% of patients with sickle cell disorder suffer from stroke and those individuals result in physical disability, IQ reduction, Learning difficulties, TIAs and seizures (Beinz, 2007). Treatment of haemoglobinopathies. 10.1Treatment in Sickle-cell anemia. Febrile illness: Children with fever are screened (a full blood count, reticulocyte count and blood culture taken) for bacteremia. In young children the fever is treated with intravenous antibiotics, the children would be admitted at the hospital so that they can be monitored (Belcher, 1993).. But older children with reassuring white blood cell counts are managed at home with oral antibiotics, but if the older children have a history of bacteremia episodes, they get a hospital admission. (Modell et al, 2001) Zn administration: is when zinc is given to stabilize the cell membrane (Beinz, 2007). Painful (vaso-occlusive) crises: individuals with sickle cell disorder experiences painful episodes called vaso-occlusive crises. Vaso-occlusive crises is often treated symptomatically with analgesics (Beinz,2007). Pain management requires opioid administration at regular intervals until the crises has gone. The frequency, severity and duration of these crises episodes vary tremendously form episodes to episode or from person to person (Belcher,1993). Individuals who suffer from milder vaso-occlusive crises manage their pain on NSAIDs e.g. diclofenac or naproxen. And if the crises is severe, individuals require inpatient management, where intravenous opioids. Diphenhydramine is used to stop the itchiness associated with the opioids (Modell et al, 2001). Acute chest crises management is similar to vaso-occlusive crises treatment with the addition of antibiotics, oxygen supplementation for hypoxia, and close observation. If the pulmonary infiltrate worsen or the oxygen requirements increase,

How to get a Job in the US :: Resume, Cover Letter

In the United States, it is very difficult to acquire an occupation with so many people struggling and striving to get a position that only one applicant can have. A course of action one may take to place himself above others in the eyes of the employers is to plan and submit an outstanding resume. A resume is a professional approach to provide employers with written evidence of one’s qualifications and skills. Resumes are required for professional, technical, administrative, clerical, sales, secretarial, managerial, and many other jobs (â€Å"Resume Writing† 1). It is essential to have an impressive resume for one to attain a decent job and earn a reasonable salary. There are three critical steps to take, in order to complete a successful resume such as gathering information, creating a cover letter, and creating a resume. The first step in this fulfilling task is gathering the information that will be applied in the cover letter and resume. The main components of information that must be compiled are as the following: past awards, recognitions, honors, job history, clubs, and college or high school transcripts. Another crucial component of information that needs to be acquired are the references. References can be anyone from past teachers to family friends to family doctors. References are important because they are the people that will tell what kind of person one is to the employer. One must gather all the information one wants to insert in his resume. Also one must begin a list of appropriate skills for whatever job he is applying for. Some desirable skills are basic computer skills, communication skills, and organizational skills. After compiling all of this information one is ready to submit the information into the cover letter and or resume. Next one must create a cover letter to showcase his top qualities in a single page (â€Å"Savvy Cover Letter† 1). The cover letter basically summarizes an applicant’s abilities (â€Å"Resume Writer† 1). To create the cover letter one must get a template to show the format of the cover letter, so one can implement his qualifications in it and customize it himself. One can also take a cookie-cutter approach to it and just take the easy way out (â€Å"Savvy Cover Letter† 1). One must keep in mind that he is trying to convince the employer to be interested in him enough to read his resume and eventually call him in for an interview.

Case Presentation “Please Dont Let Me Die” Essay

The ethical principal showcased in this case presentation was beneficence. The nurses were not thinking beneficially of the resident in any aspect of their practice. A professional nurse would not consider leaving a floor with only three nursing assistants to care for 100 patients. The nursing assistants do not have the authority to manage a floor, the license to ensure patient care, nor do they possess the required knowledge to assess patients or delegate tasks. The institutional constraint would be the state of severe understaffing. For a facility of one hundred patients to be cared for by only three nurses significantly lowers the standard of care. According to a chart in the Journal of Scholarly Nursing (2010), Ohio standards are to have a ratio of one licensed nurse to every fifteen direct care patients in a nursing home facility (p 91). This presentation, even with the ten additional nursing assistants, was still understaffed with these standards. Although understaffed, the nurses are culpable because the patient was not thoroughly assessed. As a part of the scope and standard of nursing, an assessment would have revealed the need for a focused assessment. The focused assessment would have directed the nurses to signs and symptoms of the bowel obstruction, or led to further investigation. Provision Six is associated with the presentation in that it is essentially concentrating on ethical decision making in the workplace. Stated in Provision Six (2010), â€Å"Professional nurses make decisions that significantly affect the lives of others on a daily basis† (p.72). The nurses caring for Loren Richards should have used Provision Six in deciding when to take a break. There are several characteristics I would have changed about the presentation. Firstly, none of the nurses voiced the aversion for the short staffing. I feel strongly about this being a issue and would have mentioned something to management or the director of nursing. Secondly, the amount of professionals taking a break at the same time was exceptionally unethical. Scattering breaks throughout the shift would have been a more superior decision. Finally, pain is the fifth vital sign and when a patient is complaining, it is a nursing standard to assess. To add vomiting to his signs, and no action was taken, is complete contrary to my nursing practice. References Harrington, C., Choiniere, J., Goldmann, M., Jacobsen, F., Lloyd, L., McGregor, M., & †¦ Szebehely, M. (2012). Nursing Home Staffing Standards and Staffing Levels in Six Countries. Journal Of Nursing Scholarship, 44(1), 88-98. doi:http://dx.doi.org.proxy.library.ohiou.edu/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2011.01430.x Olson, L. (2010). Provision Six. In Guide to the Code of Ethics for Nurses (p. 72). Silver Spring , Maryland: nursesbooks.org.

Old Man and the Sea essays

Old Man and the Sea essays In Ernest Hemingways Old man and the sea, Santiago, the books main character, is an old fisherman who is unlucky in the past 84 days. Manolin, his young devoted apprentice and friend, was forced to leave the boat by his parents because Santiago hadnt caught anything for so long. So on the 85th day Santiago decides to go much farther than he has ever gone before, and in doing that he catches an 18-foot marlin, and that is when the adventure begins. In this book Santiago demonstrates the best and the worst in a person through his actions in struggle, defeat, and death, endurance under pain, and pride. In this story Santiago demonstrates his actions under struggle, defeat, and death well when he catches the marlin of a lifetime. When Santiago sets sail for farther out than he has ever been before he didnt realize how big of a marlin he had gotten, he hooked him perfectly but then he started to pull the boat. And for three days the marlin pulled the boat, and for three days Santiago hung in there and didnt let go until he had finished. It was so hard for him to stay there while the fish just keep pulling he struggled to stay alert when the fish would suddenly pull forward. And he struggled while he had no cooked food for himself aboard the skiff, he had to eat raw fish that he caught to stay alive. Santiago almost gave up, he thought that the fish was about to defeat him but then the fish jumped and gave him the chance to pull in the rope and let the marlin fill his are sacks. Then he started to swim in circles and finally he speared the fish right through the heart. These a re some examples of how Santiago acted when under struggle, defeat, and death. During this same time Santiago experienced a lot of pain but he endured it the whole time. When his hand cramped up and he couldnt do anything, he had to endure that until it finally un-cramped and he could work with it again. When the ...

Free Essays on King Of The Mountain

Would-be Rulers and Their Humble Beginnings â€Å"The dominance drive to gain superior social status is little in evidence during the early months of life, becomes common during childhood, and is conspicuous and highly important chimpanzee characteristic during adolescence and maturity.† (R.M. Yerkes, Chimpanzees: A Laboratory Colony) The evidence contained in this study of chimpanzee potential rulers is what Arnold Ludwig is trying to relate to human would-be leaders in chapter 5 in King of the Mountain. Ludwig gives several examples of rulers (especially those in office with the most power) of having very humble and simple beginnings in life. He tries to link this with the basic premise that chimpanzees and other primates do not show any significant characteristics of future alpha-male status. While Ludwig does a superb job of displaying countless examples of probable leaders and their humble early stages, he still does not convince the reader how this evidence is as strongly linked to his thesis as previous chapt ers. Ludwig gives great examples of future rulers having very ordinary childhoods. He also states some of the extreme ways rulers with great power go to vast extents to protect these childhood ordinaries from becoming widely known. Ludwig states the will of leaders is to not be shown as ordinary are the motives for an immense cover-up of their childhoods. â€Å"†¦ [Stalin and Hitler] likewise were so touchy about their childhoods that they gagged, imprisoned, or eliminated anyone who had access to this information.† Using the basic premise ‘where there is smoke, there is fire’, Ludwig investigated ruler’s childhoods and found them to be very ordinary in general. Most leaders strive to have a Jesus type ascent to power, or a Lincolnesque account with a ‘rags to riches’ back drop. Why don’t future leaders display leadership or special characteristics of their future ascent to power? Ludwig makes the a... Free Essays on King Of The Mountain Free Essays on King Of The Mountain Would-be Rulers and Their Humble Beginnings â€Å"The dominance drive to gain superior social status is little in evidence during the early months of life, becomes common during childhood, and is conspicuous and highly important chimpanzee characteristic during adolescence and maturity.† (R.M. Yerkes, Chimpanzees: A Laboratory Colony) The evidence contained in this study of chimpanzee potential rulers is what Arnold Ludwig is trying to relate to human would-be leaders in chapter 5 in King of the Mountain. Ludwig gives several examples of rulers (especially those in office with the most power) of having very humble and simple beginnings in life. He tries to link this with the basic premise that chimpanzees and other primates do not show any significant characteristics of future alpha-male status. While Ludwig does a superb job of displaying countless examples of probable leaders and their humble early stages, he still does not convince the reader how this evidence is as strongly linked to his thesis as previous chapt ers. Ludwig gives great examples of future rulers having very ordinary childhoods. He also states some of the extreme ways rulers with great power go to vast extents to protect these childhood ordinaries from becoming widely known. Ludwig states the will of leaders is to not be shown as ordinary are the motives for an immense cover-up of their childhoods. â€Å"†¦ [Stalin and Hitler] likewise were so touchy about their childhoods that they gagged, imprisoned, or eliminated anyone who had access to this information.† Using the basic premise ‘where there is smoke, there is fire’, Ludwig investigated ruler’s childhoods and found them to be very ordinary in general. Most leaders strive to have a Jesus type ascent to power, or a Lincolnesque account with a ‘rags to riches’ back drop. Why don’t future leaders display leadership or special characteristics of their future ascent to power? Ludwig makes the a...

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ethics - Essay Example Moreover, the organizations can preserve a sustainable working environment by taking into concern the aspect of ethics in the current business context. Introduction Ethics is principally described as a philosophy of study which is particularly concerned with the assessment of human behavior. The aspect of ethics involves the learning about determining the correct as well as the incorrect activities which occur in the workplace (Singer, 1993). In this context, it can be stated that it is quite important particularly for the business organizations to manage ethics in a specific workplace in order to gain broad variety of benefits. The benefits include cultivating strong output as well as teamwork, supporting the growth of the employees and effectively organizing as well as managing the values linked with quality, diversity and strategic planning management (Guha, 2008). In this paper, a current ethical issue which is faced by Apple Inc. associated with one of its suppliers i.e. Foxconn will be taken into concern. Moreover, a detailed analysis about the emergence of the ethical issue along with formulating an effective plan in order to deal with the issue will also be depicted in the discussion. A Brief Overview of Apple Inc. Apple Inc. is an American based multinational business organization which designs as well as sells broad assortment of consumer electronics, personal computers and computer software. The various standardized products of the company include iPod, iTunes, iPad and iPhone among others (Apple Inc., 2012). The company pays much attention and significantly focuses upon designing its products in such a way so that there lays a minimum affect upon the environment (Apple Inc., 2012). Moreover, the company remains much committed to preserve the highest benchmark of social responsibility by delivering safe working atmosphere and treating the working personnel with equal dignity as well as respect (Apple Inc., 2012). Analysis of Current Ethical Issue It has been viewed that Apple faced an ethical issue associated with one of its key suppliers named Foxconn while producing the valuable products of the company. According to the investigation made by Fair Labor Association (FLA), Foxconn has been involved with few ethical issues which include the working hours of the employees, health as well as safety, compensation and worker integration along with industrial relations. The report of the investigation which is conducted by FLA has revealed that Foxconn has failed to comply with the ‘Workplace Code of Conduct’ as well as labor law which prevails in China. From the perspective of the ethical issue relating with the working hours of the employees, FLA has identified that the standard amount of working hours of the employees per week at the factories of Foxconn surpassed the standard guidelines of FLA. This particular issue was observed in every factory of Foxconn (Scribd Inc., 2012). The principal causes behind the increase d rate of the working hours which surpassed the legal guidelines

A Critical Assessment of Employee Engagement Essay

A Critical Assessment of Employee Engagement - Essay Example Employee engagement does not entail an initiative of the human resource, but a strategy that mainly targets an improvement of employee performance. Lack of interaction within most organizations makes it difficult to drive engagement.   The choice to improve worker engagement depends on the entire staff within an organization exerting effort to improve productivity. Most organizations fail in this venture because of lacking a business strategy (Guthrie, 2001). Scores of organizations lack the ability to identify engaged employees and maintain these workers in their organization for a longer period. Engaging employees without any concrete business result indicates that the employees feel unaccountable in terms of measuring their performance.   Further, organizations fail in terms of aligning organizational goals with aspirations of employees.   Lack of effective communication, lead to a disintegrated workforce that falls short of practical goals.   Without proper channels of co mmunication, employees are denied information essential in terms of understanding organizational goals and priorities (Kanungo, 1982). Organizations fail in terms of facilitating managerial and leadership improvement required in enhancing employee performance. Organizations tend to pursue employee engagement in means that seem infective in many aspects. Employers often look at the effort of initiating worker engagement as strenuous and does not impact on the businesses bottom-line instantly. Organizations tend to experience flaws while implementing strategies.... Organizations tend to pursue employee engagement in means that seem infective in many aspects. Employers often look at the effort of initiating worker engagement as strenuous and does not impact on the businesses bottom-line instantly. Organizations tend to experience flaws while implementing strategies for employee involvement (Craig & Silverstone, 2010). Organizations may view employee involvement as ancillary compared to the actual operations. For employee engagement strategy to work, organizations need to view their strategies meant to engage workers as, part of the whole organization’s business strategy. The engagement should focus on targets such as measurable business outcomes in relation to employee effort. What the management of most organizations fail to initiate, involves assessing employee efforts and accountability. The management further fails because they do not provide communication channel vital for aligning every worker’s actions in relation to the org anization’s overall goals (Maurer, 2001). On another note, organizations fail to engage employees due to a lack of a mechanism geared at integrating workers and structures within the organization. The management may lack an understanding of the tools necessary to facilitate leadership behaviour. Organizations rely on structures that do not accommodate changes related to employee engagement. They lack strategies necessary to define responsibilities vital in effecting change process (Tartell, 2012). This involves neglecting employees as important part of the business’s overall goal. Employee engagement works effectively in an environment that accommodates behavioural change. The ability to engage

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning Research Paper

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Learning - Research Paper Example Although the disorder is present in both sexes, it is most common in males. ADHD is a disorder where the child has problems with being highly impulsive, exhibiting over-activity or inattentiveness, or some combination of these three aspects (PubMed Health). ADHD is the most commonly diagnosed behavioral disorder in children and the most well studied (Myayes, Bagwell and Erkulwater 1). Children with ADHD tend to have a much higher level of activity than normal children and often act impulsively. The principle of ADHD is heavily debated, as all children show some degree of this behavior, especially in early age (Myayes, Bagwell and Erkulwater 15-16). ADHD is a complex disorder and the exact symptoms that children show can differ significantly from one another (Lougy and Rosenthal 22). This case study considers Alice, a ten-year-old girl who has ADHD and experiences considerable learning difficulties and problems establishing friendships as the result of this disorder. Literature Review Diagnosis of ADHD ADHD has a range of symptoms, which are generally grouped into three categories. These are impulsive behavior, hyperactivity, and lack of attention. There are nine diagnostic symptoms for inattentiveness, five for hyperactivity and three for impulsivity. ADHD is a difficult disorder to diagnose, as many of the behaviors can be associated with other conditions as well as normal behaviors that occur as part of childhood. The complexity of the symptoms means that there are many children who are incorrectly diagnosed with ADHD, and others who have ADHD but have not been diagnosed. One of the difficulties in diagnosing ADHD is that the symptoms are only evident at some points in time, most commonly during school hours. A child with ADHD generally does not show the symptoms during a physician’s visit, and so other people must be the source of this information (Myayes, Bagwell and Erkulwater 5). In fact, children are often first diagnosed with ADHD when they enter school because many of the behaviors associated with ADHD do not appear to be abnormal without the increased demands on attention, sitting still and following a direction that is present in the school environment (Lougy and Rosenthal 22). In addition, ADHD often co-occurs with other disorders, and some of the behavioral symptoms that are part of ADHD also occur as part of other disorders (Myayes, Bagwell and Erkulwater 20).To assist in diagnosis; the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the following guidelines. That child has at least six symptoms from either impulsivity and hyperactivity, or six from the attention category, some of which began prior to seven years of age.

Feminism and the Importance of Identity Politics Essay Example for Free

Feminism and the Importance of Identity Politics Essay â€Å"To be feminist in any authentic sense of the term is to want for all people, female and male, liberation from sexist role patterns, domination, and oppression†. Bell Hooks succinctly sums up what it means to be a feminist, and yet when we look to the feminist movement and feminist theorizing today, we see a disturbingly different picture. In a social movement founded on equality for all human beings, the patriarchy and its’ power structures have still made a negative impact in the way this movement is shaped and perpetuated, especially in terms of intersectionality and identity politics. Whose voices are heard? What issues are prioritized? Who is considered a â€Å"true† feminist? When we ask how and why issues of identity and intersectionality are relevant to feminist theorizing, the answer is simple. When the true and complex identities of individuals and social groups are ignored, what forms is a limiting and narrow view inherently oppositional to the movement’s foundation and goals. Essentially, ignoring these issues means perpetuating the oppression the movement itself is trying to fight. What follows is a brief analysis on three reasons why feminists should care about identity and individuals with complex identities: 1) addressing oppressions in a movement dedicated to eliminating all oppression, 2) identifying the negative consequences of elision of difference, and 3) recognizing the real importance of intersectionality in terms of survival in the real world, as opposed to simply theorizing in academics. While the feminist movement is explicitly dedicated to fighting racism and any other types of â€Å"isms†, we see that typically marginalized groups continue to be marginalized within the movement. These groups are well aware of this oppression, yet how often their voices are heard or even considered are slim to none. In a statement from Black feminists part of The Combahee River Collective, it is explained that there was â€Å"the need to develop a p olitics that was anti-racist, unlike those of White women, and anti-sexist, unlike those of Black and white men† (CRC: 59). As members of two oppressed groups in society, Black women face the highest obstacles in their pursuit of complete liberation, especially because of the dominant narrative and voices that have typically commandeered the political movement. As Kimberle Crenshaw purports, â€Å"the need to split one’s political energies between two  sometimes opposing groups is a dimension of intersectional disempowerment that men of color and white women seldom confront† (Crenshaw: 85). The intersectional experience of White women have typically dominated the women’s movement as White women have had more accessibility and opportunity to speak out/theorize academically as opposed to Black women. Thus, the experiences of Black women – which are distinguishably different from the White woman’s are essentially absent from the discussion, an issue that is highly problematic as it points to racism and oppression within a social justice movement (not to mention a limited perspective). Feminist theorists and activists must make sure to account for intersectional experiences in order to avoid this hypocrisy. Specifically, White feminists and activists must understand that their role as genuine activists in the movement mandates a need to be educated and literate in Black history and culture, something that the Combahee River Collective has explicitly called for. As they argue, â€Å"eliminating racism in the white women’s movement is by definition work for white women to do, but we will continue to speak to and demand accountability on this issue† (CRC: 63). Being a conscientious and fully aware member of this movement involves more than addressing intersectionality and racism within the movement. Feminist theorists need to identify the importance of 1) making the personal political, and subsequently 2) avoiding the harmful and common elision of differences between and within groups. These two ideas cannot happen or be fully achieved without the other. The first step requires a great deal of honesty and self-reflection, which may come with some discomfort and pain, a reason that many individuals may avoid this introspection. As Mari Matsuda argues in her article, â€Å"by claiming, exploring, and questioning my own identity in an explicit way, I seek truth, and I seek to encourage my students to do the same† (Matsuda: 75). Feminist theorists must consider the value of truth and justice over any type of discomfort or personal guilt that blocks the path towards complete liberation for all. Just as honesty is crucial in terms of oppression within the movement, it is also key in recognizing privilege. Matsuda supports this idea: â€Å"I do not know of any other politics of social change that works other than the one that asks people to explore deeply their own location on the axes of power† (Matsuda:  76). Once one has a certain amount of self-awareness and recognizes their privilege, only then can they be able to avoid ignoring intragroup differences. Ergo, the White woman cannot fully understand the complexity struggle of a Black woman’s experience in the movement if she does not understand her own privilege over the Black woman within the same movement. While intersectionality is quite real in the day-to-day lives of women, feminist theory has typically categorized identity as a limiting either/or dichotomy between â€Å"woman† or â€Å"person of color†, leaving women of color marginalized. In terms of violence against women, Crenshaw argues that this elision of difference is harmful because it is perpetuating the violence by not fully understanding how multiple dimensions of woman’s identity contribute to her experience. For example, in our society ruled by a racist/patriarchal structure and system, battered women of color face poverty and racially discriminatory employment/housing, thus have a much harder time finding shelter and support. The elision of difference can also be harmful because it poses as a threat to solidarity – ignoring intragroup differences simply continue to raise tension between these sub groups and ultimately harms the progress of the movement, which requires everyone to stand with one another. Lastly, feminist theorists must recognize the importance of intersectionality and identity as transcendent issues that go beyond simply theorizing and play a very real role in the lives of women every day. As Crenshaw argues, â€Å"The struggle over incorporating these differences is not a petty or superficial conflict about who gets to sit at the head of the table. In the context of violence, it is sometimes a deadly serious matter of who will survive and who will not† (Crensaw: 89). The commonly shared assumption that battering is a minority problem, for example, exemplifies the issues with ignoring intersectionality/identity. Battering is a human problem, and if a Latina woman cannot get shelter from a husband threatening to kill her multiple times because she can’t prove she is English-proficient, then something is very wrong. These exclusionary policies are inherently oppositional to the goal of human liberation and the women’s movement, and if feminist theorists do not address this, then not only will real change remain absent, but we will continue to lose the lives  of women around the world. These are human beings that deserve to live and exercise their rights; that deserve to celebrate their multi-dimensional identity, instead of suffer from it because feminist theory and societal structure are ignoring them. Feminist theorists, we need you to be honest with yourselves and your privilege. We need you to address the complexity and beauty of every individual, help use these differences to resist against oppression instead of perpetuate it, and ultimately harness and use the full power of group solidarity to truly and genuinely fight for human liberation.